1. Earth Quakes Tectonics NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

2. Key Concepts & Questions
What is the driving force
behind crustal movement ?

3. Key Concepts & Questions
Convection
Currents
in the
Mantle

4. On to the next question:

5. Heat from earth’s formation
Key Concepts & Questions
What provides the energy for this force?
radioactive decay
Heat from earth’s formation

6. On to the next question:

7. Key Concepts & Questions
What are the different types
of earthquake waves? And
how do they travel?

8. Key Concepts & Questions
p-waves
Travel
Through
Anything
primary waves
push-pull waves

9. Key Concepts & Questions
s-waves
Travels
Through
Solids Only
secondary waves
shear waves

10. On to the next question:

11. Key Concepts & Questions
Where can most earthquake epicenters and volcanoes be found?

12. The Ring of Fire
How does this compare
with page 5 of the ESRTs?

14. Key Concepts & Questions
at plate boundaries

15. On to the next question:

16. Key Concepts & Questions
To find an earthquake’s epicenter a seismologist must have data from at least how many locations?

17. Key Concepts & Questionsx
Earthquake Epicenter
Attica, NY

18. At least three

19. On to the next question:

20. Key Concepts & Questions
How can scientists infer the properties of Earth’s interior?

21. by observing
earthquake waves

22. On to the next question:

23. Key Concepts & Questions
How do scientists know that Earth’s inner core is solid?

24. by the refraction
of P-waves

25. On to the next question:

26. What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake?
Key Concepts & Questions
What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake?

27. stand against interior wall
get under desk/table
stand against interior wall
stay away from windows

28. On to the next question:

29. What is the Richter Scale and how is it used?
Key Concepts & Questions
What is the Richter Scale and how is it used?

30. a measure of earthquake strength
RICHTER SCALE
a measure of earthquake strength
used to describe
expected damage

31. What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used?
Key Concepts & Questions
What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used?

32. a measure of earthquake damage
MERCALLI SCALE
a measure of earthquake damage
used to describe
observed damage

33. Earth Quake Reference Table Questions

34. If a p-wave arrives five minutes before the s-wave arrives, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location?
3600 kms

35. If a p-wave arrives at 12:10:00 and the s-wave arrives at 12:16:20, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location?
4800 kms

36. An earthquake epicenter is 2600 kilometers from a location
An earthquake epicenter is 2600 kilometers from a location. If the p-wave arrives at 9:00:20, what time will the s-wave arrive?
9:04:20

37. An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location
An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location. If the s- wave arrives at 1:20:20, what time did the p-wave arrive?
1:13:20

38. If a p-wave arrives 6 mins after an earthquake occurs, how many kilometers is the location from the epicenter? How long after the p- wave arrives will the s-wave arrive?
3200 kms
4:40 later

40. Plate Tectonics Tectonics NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

41. What is the Theory of Continental Drift?

42. What is the Theory of Continental Drift?
Alfred Wegner, 1915
The continents were once a super-continent called Pangea
the continents are plowing through the ocean floors---most people didn’t believe this

43. What evidence supports this theory?
Africa & South America look like they fit together
similar fossils, rocks, and glacial striations

44. On to the
next question...

45. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
Earth’s crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the aesthenosphere.
The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.

46. What evidence supports this theory?
distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
sea-floor spreading

47. On to the
next question...

48. How do oceanic and continental crust compare with regard to thickness and density?
(ESRTs
pg 10)
thickness
high
low
thin
thick

49. On to the
next question...

50. continental crust oceanic crust
What are the primary rocks which make up the continental and oceanic crusts?
continental crust
oceanic crust
Low-density, light-
colored, coarse-
grained, felsic, igneous
rock
High density, dark-
colored, fine-grained,
mafic igneous rock
granite
basalt

51. On to the
next question...

52. What are these types of plate boundaries?
What are the key
characteristics for each?
Give an example of where each can be found.

53. oceanic-continental convergent boundary
trenches, volcanoes, deep earthquakes
Peru-Chile Trench

54. continental-continental convergent boundary
mountain building
Himalayas

55. transform fault
slide past one another
shallow earthquakes
San Andreas Fault

56. divergent plate boundary
new crust is made
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

57. On to the
next question...

58. What happens to the age of oceanic crust as distance increases from a ridge?

60. Explain how magnetic data can be used to show that oceanic crust is diverging at ridges. Use the diagram below to help explain your answer.
as new crust is made at ridges, the ferrous minerals (Fe) align according to where the magnetic poles are located
same pattern on opposite sides of the ridge
proves sea-floor spreading