1. Web Addresses- U.S. Quarantine Treatments
Aphis treatment Manual search:
(this is a search page-by treatments or commodity or pest)
(go to T100 fresh fruits and vegetables)
(list of manuals)

2. Integration of the Sterile Insect Technique with other Control Methods
Robert L. Mangan
Crop Quality and Fruit Insect Research
USDA-ARS
Weslaco Texas

3. Selectivity of Methods of
Insect Control
Highly Selective
Moderately Selective
Nonselective
Insect resistant plant varieties
Predators (general)
Conventional insecticides
Insect pathogens (specific)
Parasites (general)
Cultural measures
Insect parasites (specific)
Light traps
Insect predators (specific)
Attractants (general)
Insect attractants (specific)
Genetic techniques
E. F. Knipling 1979
The Basic Principles of Insect Suppression and Management.

4. Methods of Insect Control
Methods equally effective at all densities
Methods most effective at lowest densities
Methods most effective at highest densities
Conventional chemical insecticides
Sterile insect and other genetic techniques
Host specific pathogenic organisms
Chemical sterilants applied to natural populations
Sex or aggregating attractant traps
Host specific parasites
Cultural and mechanical control methods
Sex attractant diversion sources
Host specific preditors
Insect resistant crop varieties
Sex attractant vapors
Light traps
Attractant baits
Methods of Insect Control
And Pest Density
Trap crops
Synthetic non-pheromone attractants
Sex pheromones that block responses

5. Needs for Supplementary Treatments with SIT
Reduce the total pest population
To reduce damage caused by pest during eradication
To achieve needed over-flooding ratio
To give direct protection from pest activity
As perimeter treatment for area eradication
As means for getting information such as collection of samples, access to property, inspection

6. Screwworm Eradication
Supplementary programs to directly protect livestock when populations are high
Mass
trapping
Wound
treatment

7. Population Reduction in Texas Laake, Parish, Knipling, Thurman and Perry
Primary screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and and secondary screwworm (C. macellaria) thought to be one species.
Goal: to reduce infestation losses by reducing adult population

8. Effect of Mass Trapping Blowflies – Menard Co. Texas 1929-31
Treatment
Area
Number Mass Trapped
Relative Population
Percentage Screwworm Infestation*
Mass trapping liver
154,879
18,973.6
quarts
550
1.58
No Trapping
144,860
3,409
2.92
* 45.89% reduction
49.89% when corrected for lambs

9. Aerial Distribution of SWASS Tests in Mexico

10. Development of Wound Treatments
Wound treatments historically were the main control of screwworms.
Treatments in early 1900s included oils, camphor, fufural, tannic acid, oil of citronella, chloropicrin, tars and manure.
By 1920 chloroform was the leading compound
Research by Dove (1935), Bushland (1940) and Knipling (1939) resulted in combined Benzol, diphehylamine, lamp black and oil.
Reared larvae for this research were the basis for separating the primary and secondary screwworm species.

11. Importance of Wound Treatment Insecticide
Provide free wound treatment kits to ranchers
Ranchers provide samples to inspectors in exchange for kits
Use of millions of kits reduced population and provided targeting information to program

12. Pink Bollworm Sterile Insect Release Program
Program originated to stop spread of pink bollworm into California
Long distance migration by adults was major means of spread
Pink bollworm was controlled by area-wide organized pesticide and cultural control
Stalk shredding
Gin trash treatment
Area-wide pesticide treatment.
Coordinated detection systems

13. Pheromone for Detection and Control
Gossyplure- first registered use of pheromone for insect control
Use in detection and targeting for SIT
Primary means of population control is by mating disruption

14. Resistant and Transgenic Cotton
Resistance to oviposition; Gossypium thurberi, hybrids
Other traits: early maturation, nectariless, okra leaf, high gossypol.
Transgenic BT cotton-reported 95-99% reduction in damage
BT resistance management programs require untreated plots
Proposal for increased eradication possibilities.

15. Tsetse and Trypanosome Control
Historical Control Methods:
ground application of insecticides
aerial application of insecticides
wild animal elimination
bush clearing
bait technology including traps, targets, pour-ons and repellents,
biological control
insect growth regulators
ivermectin given to host animals.

16. Current Tsetse Control Techniques
Aerial spraying of insecticides and use of ultra-low volume formulations
Selective ground spraying and use of residual insecticides that are re-applied each dry season to prevent re-invasion at the limits of a species distribution.
Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations.
Traps and targets including living targets with pour-on formulations. Pesticides- Pyrethroids, IGR’s
Traps treated with pyriproxifen to sterilize flies that pass through the traps

17. Current Tsetse Control Techniques
Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations.

18. “Genetic” Mosquito Control
Cytoplasmic incompatibility, translocation sterility, and sterile insect releases tested in 1960’s to late 1970’s
Most effort in studying rearing, male only rearing, mating compatibility methods of inducing sterility.
Many projects were designed for control of species showing pesticide resistance.

19. Effects of Mosquito Programs on Yellow Fever and Malaria
*begin Aedes control
**begin Anopheles control

20. Insecticide Resistance in SIT-Tested Mosquitoes
Mosquito species
Number of Insecticides
Insecticide Groups
Continent
Aedes aegypti 16
OCL, CH, OP, PYR, CARB
AU, AF, AS, NA, SA,
Ae. albopictis 5
OCL,CH, OP
AS, AF, NA
Ae. sierriensis 1 CH NA
Anopheles albimanus 21
NA, SA
An. arabiensis 6
OCL, CH, CARB, OP, PYR AF
An. culicifacies 7
OCL, CH, OP, AS
An. stephensi 11
An. quadrimaculatus 3
OCL, CH, PYR
Culex pipiens pipiens 33
AF, AS, EU, NA
C. quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans) 27
OCL,CH, OP, PYR, CARB, MIC
AU, AF, AS, EU, SA
C. tarsalis 10
OCL, CH, OP
C. tritaeneorhynchus 13
OCL,CH, OP, CARB
From Georghiou and Whalen

21. Insecticide Treated Bednets

22. Use of Bednets and Sprays Muheza Tanga, Tanzania

23. Use of Pyrethroid Treated Bednets and Sprays

24. Conclusions-Use of Bednets and Mosquito SIT
Recent comparisons of pyrethroid treated bednets and house spraying showed nets at least as effective as sprays.
Older spray results (1950s-60s) were more effective than recent sprays.
Use of bednets requires more program management and public relations than sprays.
Pyrethroids may not be the best insecticides for the program.
No evidence that pyrethroid treated bednets induce insecticide resistance.

25. Integration: Fruit Fly Population Control Methods with Sterile Insect Technique

26. Early Control Procedures Before SIT
Habitat modification- removal of hedges, alternate hosts
Orchard Sanitation- removal of fallen fruit
Biological Control- predation by turkeys and chickens
Pesticide Application- Bait of lead arsenate, peloncillo, water

27. Biological Problems with fruit fly eradication
longevity of the adults
detecting infested commodities
complex mating behavior
repeat mating by females

28. Problems with Area-Wide Pesticide Application
Knowledge of pest biology is required to be effective, knowledge of all hosts, population structure
Safety for application in human occupied areas
Environmental contamination
Non-target organisms
“No pesticide” political & organic requirements

29. Pesticides Area Wide Application
As primary means of pest control
As part of area-wide IPM system
Integrated as part of eradication program

30. Human Safety
Applicators
Workers
Accidents

32. Toxicity of Compounds for Fruit Fly Control
Compound Projected gm Human AI Dermal
AI/Hectare Index mg/m2
Malathion
Red Dye
Erythrosin B
Eosin Y
Methyl Eosin
Imidacloprid
Spinosad
Abamectin
Emamectin
Fipronil
Chlorfenapyr
Thiomethoxam
Borax 4,

34. Summary-Fruit Fly Population Reduction for Area-Wide Control Programs
Precision and Safety can be enhanced by use of edible rather than contact insecticides
Bait formulation for attraction, feeding, persistence, plant compatibility, specificity, and cost are essential problems
Many insecticides are available that are at least 1000X less toxic to vertebrates in baits than standard organophosphate formulations

35. Summary SIT and Other Control Methods
Use of supplemental control methods are based on both historical control techniques and new methods.
Area wide application of control methods have public acceptance problems when treated people derive no benefit from treatment.
Purpose of supplementary control varies among projects. Common roles are; direct protection from pest damage, reduction of pest population for SIT over flooding, prevention of incursion into treated area, and improved public cooperation