1. Biology 322 Human Anatomy I
Orientation to the Human Body

2. This is a course in Human Anatomy – that is, the structure of the human body.
However, we will often relate the structure of the body to its function, that is its physiology, since the two are intimately interdependent upon each other.
That is: changes in anatomy produce changes in physiology,
and
changes in physiology produce changes in anatomy

3. The structures and functions of all complex animals are based on a “structural heirarchy”
These are interdependent.
Abnormalilties at one level will affect all higher levels

4. Example #1: Your body consists of trillions of cells of at least 400 different types About a dozen types are Lymphocytes One type of lymphocyte is the CD4 cell Suppose a virus attacks and destroys your CD4 cells, while all other cells (including all other lymphocytes) remain healthy.

5. Example #2: Your body consists of trillions of cells of at least 400 different types Four types are found in pancreatic islets One type of islet cell is the beta cell, which produces insulin Suppose your body attacks and destroys the beta cells, while all other cells (including other islet cells) remain healthy.

6. Example #3: Your body consists of trillions of cells of at least 400 different types One type of cell in nervous system is the oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocytes: dozens of organelles One organelle: plasma membrane Plasma membrane: hundreds of types of molecules One type of molecule: myelin Suppose your body attacks and destroys the myelin in the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes, while all molecules and all other cells remain healthy.

7. Two Terms You Need to Know:
Gross Anatomy: The study of structures you can see
with the unassisted eye
Microscopic Anatomy: The study of structures which
are too small to see without a
microscope
Histology = study of tissues
Cytology = study of cells

8. A few basic concepts of anatomy
which we will use throughout this course
1) Planes or sections
2) Terms indicating relative positions
3) Regions of the body
4) Three-dimensional relationships

9. 1) In discussing the organization of the human body and its parts, we establish our "point of view" according to three three planes or sections relative to the “anatomical position:
Coronal
or Frontal
Plane
Horizontal
or Transverse
Plane
Sagittal
Plane

11. How a structure appears depends on the plane in which you view it:

13. 2) In discussing parts of the human body, we also use a number of terms of relative position:
Superior (cranial): Toward head or upper part of structure
Inferior (caudal): Toward sacrum or lower part of structure
Anterior (ventral): Toward the front
Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back
Medial: Toward the midline of the body or of a structure
Lateral: To side of midline of the body or of a structure
Proximal: Closer to center or origin
Distal: Away from center or origin
Superficial: Toward the surface of the body or of a structure
Deep: Toward the center of the body or of a structure

14. 3) Various regions of body have specific names:
Anterior
Posterior

15. You should know the following regions of the human body:
Abdominal Crural Pedal
Acromial Cubital Perineal
Antebracheal Facial Plantar
Axillary Femoral Popliteal
Brachial Gluteal Pubic
Calcaneal Inguinal Sacral
Carpal Lumbar Scapular
Cephalic Nuchal Sternal
Cervical Palmar Tarsal
Coxal Patellar Thoracic
Cranial Pectoral Umbilical

16. For example: The region of the upper
limb between the
shoulder and elbow is the_________ region
brachial
carpal
For example: The _________ region is immediately distal
to the antebracheal region
For example: The region of the body
commonly known as
the “lower leg” is the _______region
crural

17. 4) Finally: As we discuss the human body, get your brain to think three-dimensionally and focus on relationships . . .