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Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology
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Anatomy Study of structure and shape of body and its parts
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye
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Figure 14.4d Anatomy of the stomach.
Pepsinogen Pepsin HCI Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cell (d)
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Physiology Study of how body and its parts work or function
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Relationship between Anatomy & Physiology
Structure determines what functions can occur If structure changes, function must also change
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Levels of Structural Organization
Six levels of structural organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 2 Atoms Molecules 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 3 Smooth muscle cell Atoms Molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 4 Smooth muscle cell Atoms Molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 5 Smooth muscle cell Atoms Molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 6 Smooth muscle cell Atoms Molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessels Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio– vascular system Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 7 Smooth muscle cell Atoms Molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessels Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio– vascular system Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems.
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Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
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Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Food Blood Heart Interstitial fluid Feces Urine
Figure 1.3 Examples of selected interrelationships among body organ systems. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen- containing wastes and excess ions Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine
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Homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostatic imbalance
maintenance of a stable internal environment dynamic equilibrium Homeostatic imbalance results in disease
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Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE
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Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 3 Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE
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Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 4 Input: Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Afferent pathway Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE
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Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 5 Input: Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Output: Information is sent along efferent pathway effector. 4 Control Center Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE
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Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 6 Input: Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Output: Information is sent along efferent pathway effector. 4 Control Center Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 5 Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE
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Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Positive feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity Positive feedback Increases original stimulus to push variable farther Reaction occurs at a faster rate Ex: blood clotting; Labor
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Language of Anatomy Terminology used to prevent misunderstanding
Anatomical Position Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Directional Terms Explains location of one body structure in relation to another Superior/Cranial Inferior/Caudal Ventral/Anterior Dorsal/Posterior © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3).
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Directional Terms Medial Lateral Intermediate Proximal Distal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3).
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Superficial/External
Directional Terms Superficial/External Deep/Internal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3).
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Cervical © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Thoracic Sternal Axillary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Abdominal Umbillical © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Pelvic Inguinal Pubic © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Upper Limb Acromial Deltoid Brachial Antecubital Antebrachial Carpal Manus Digital © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Anterior/Ventral
Lower Limb Coxal Femoral Patellar Crural Fibular Pedal Tarsal Digital © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regional Terms—Dorsal/Posterior
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.5b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic Upper limb Upper limb Occipital (back of head) Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) Scapular Antebrachial (forearm) Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) Gluteal Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) KEY: Fibular Back (Dorsum) Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal
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Body Planes and Sections
Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Figure 1.6 The anatomical position and planes of the body—median, frontal, and transverse with corresponding MRI scans. (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane Vertebral column Right lung Heart Left lung Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Spinal cord
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Body Cavities Two body cavities
Dorsal Ventral Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal
Figure 1.7 Body cavities. Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
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Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions Cranial cavity
Houses the brain Protected by the skull Spinal cavity Houses the spinal cord Protected by the vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Cavities Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Cavities Thoracic cavity Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Houses heart, lungs, and other organs Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs Protected only by trunk muscles Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum Protected somewhat by bony pelvis No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions Four quadrants
Nine regions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.8 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Figure 1.9 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Diaphragm Liver Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Ascending colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Small intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Hypo- gastric (pubic) region Cecum Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
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Body Cavities Other body cavities include: Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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