1. The Human Body An Orientation

2. Anatomy - The study of body structure
Physiology - The study of body function

3. Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy = organs and tissues visible to the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy (histology) = cells, tissues and organs studied under a microscope. Histos = tissue.
Surface anatomy = the study of the external features of the body. Also called superficial or visual anatomy.

4. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical level – atoms form molecules
Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose
Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison

5. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

6. Systemic v. Regional Anatomy
Systemic – study of anatomy by organ system: for example the cardiovascular system
Regional – study of anatomy by region: for example the foot or the abdomen

7. Systemic Approach
The 11 Organ Systems:
Endocrine
Cardiac
Neurological
Lymphatic
Skeletal
Respiratory
Muscular
Gastrointestinal
Integumentary
Reproductive
Renal

8. The Integumentary System
The skin and its appendages: hair, nails, glands and nerve receptors (and feathers, fur, scales, etc)
Main function is to act as a barrier
Protects deeper tissues from injury
What other functions?
Integumentum: in + tegere (to cover)

11. The Skeletal System 206 bones Mechanical framework of the body
System of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
Tendons = a band of tissue which attaches muscle to bone
Ligaments = elastic band of tissue connecting bone to bone and providing support at the joint
Cartilage = soft, gel-like padding in between bones at joints, protecting and lubricating the joint.

14. Question:
Steel is a high-strength material with excellent properties in compression, tension, bending, torsion, and shear.
Stainless steel is corrosion-resistant.
Question: why couldn’t your entire skeleton – all 206 bones – be fabricated from stainless steel? Putting in another way, your body uses iron (Fe) for other things; why couldn’t it build your skeleton out of steel? Wouldn’t that be a superior material? You would never break a bone (or rarely), and you would have great strength.
After discussing this, go to the next slide…

15. Functions of Bone Tissue
Provide support, movement and protection
Attachment point for muscles, and leverage function
Bones provide the compressive structural element. Muscles are only the tensile element.
Protection of vital organs, brain, spinal cord
Blood cell production
Calcium and phosphorus storage (= mineral sink)
Endocrine regulation (bone actually functions as an endocrine organ!) Regulates insulin and energy metabolism.
Probably more

16. Bone tissue is a mineralized connective tissue
Bone tissue is a mineralized connective tissue. It is formed by cells, called osteoblasts, that deposit a matrix of Type-I collagen and also release calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that ultimately combine chemically within the collagenous matrix into a crystalline mineral, known as bone mineral,

18. The Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

19. The Nervous System Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes

20. The Endocrine System
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (circulatory system).
Hormones are molecules that signal (on/off) and regulate (slow/fast) the functions of other organs.
Examples: 1. Insulin from the Pancreas regulates the uptake by other cells of Glucose from the bloodstream. 2. The thyroid secretes T3 and T4 hormones which regulate cell metabolism.
Important distinction: Exocrine glands (sweat, saliva, digestive) secrete chemicals through ducts directly into another organ (the stomach, sm. intestine) or externally (sweat ducts).

23. The Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Figure 1-2(f)

24. The Lymphatic System
Consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsiles, adenoids, spleen, thymus.
Drains the interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid), the fluid bathing the cells.
Also circulates lymph = white blood cells, and a mixture of proteins & fats from the intestines

26. The Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

27. The Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

28. The Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

29. Reproductive System Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Figure 1-2(l)

30. Gross Anatomy Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Figure 1.3

31. Gross Anatomy Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs
Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
Figure 1.3

32. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

33. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

34. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

35. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4a

36. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4b

37. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

38. Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.5

39. Body Planes and Sections
Oblique section through the trunk
Figure 1.6

40. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

41. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity – subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

42. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

43. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

44. Body Cavities and Membranes

45. Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

46. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

47. Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants