1. Nations and Society

2. Political Culture System level How people view values?
How people view organizations?
Do citizens identify as a nation (sovereignty of people)?
Do they accept the system of government?

3. Political Culture Expectations of how politics should work
Process level
Expectations of how politics should work
Individuals’ relationship to political process
Why should I bother? Can I make a difference?
Albany is so corrupt….

4. Political Culture Policy level
What should the policy goals of the government be?
How should those goals be achieved?
Is my government effective at meeting those goals?

5. Consensual or Conflict Political Cultures
Can create political subcultures
Sometimes related to ethnic, religious or linguistic identities
Sometimes affiliated with certain political parties
Sometimes separate media, clubs, interest groups, etc. (stuff facebook mines)

6. Cleavages
Attitude
Ideology
Culture

7. Cleavages Basis for political conflict
Supporters vs opponents of political issues based on attributes or interests
“Divided America” series….

8. Types of Cleavages Owner versus worker (sometimes rich versus poor)
Church versus state (religious versus secular)
Urban versus rural (center versus periphery)
Land versus industry (protect workers versus free trade)

9. Owner-worker

10. Church-state

11. Urban-rural

12. Land-industry

13. Cross-cutting cleavages
2 cleavages do not align to reinforce divide
Divide people into many smaller interests
Ie: workers in Mexico
Ie: hunters

14. Coinciding cleavages (reinforcing cleavages)
Can deeply divide societies to the point where cannot remain stably unified
Urban workers versus landed elites
In northern Nigeria Hausa-Fulani, in southern Nigeria Igbo, Yoruba
North-South in US?

15. Attitude Radical Liberal Conservative Reactionary
Abolish existing order
Create new, better order
Liberal
Support change
Use existing system/reforms
Conservative
Oppose changes
Maintain existing system/status quo
Reactionary
Restore old regime/social order

16. Ideology
Liberalism
Communism
Social Democracy
Fascism
Anarchism

17. Liberalism Promote individual freedoms
Free to act in own economic and political interests
Guaranteed basic rights
Relative equality of opportunity
Opposed to economic equality

18. Communism
Establish a society without economic equality or social classes
Focus on benefit to most/all rather than a few
Abolish inequality to achieve freedom
Economic inequality is the root of most of society’s problems

19. Social Democracy
Balance the extremes of economic inequality and economic liberty
To balance extremes—limit both
Individuals should feel free to express selves politically
State should play a stronger role in caring for poor and middle classes
Political equality can be furthered by using wealth of the richest to provide services to poor

20. fascism
Empower the nation-state to achieve its full strength and potential
Liberty of individuals is a false construct
Nation must be strong to defend itself
Only a people with a strong nation can be free as a people

21. Anarchism The state should be abolished to empower individuals
The state takes away freedom of individuals
Abolishing state would give people freedom
The state is the source of inequality…

22. Political Culture—main trends
Globalization
Modernization (meaning secular-humanism & emphasis on scientific progress)
democratization

23. Agents of Socialization:
Family
Schools
Religious Institutions
Peer Groups
Social Class
Interest Groups
Political Parties
Mass Media
Government?