1. CLASSIFICATION, VIRUSES, AND BACERIA
A Review

2. REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION Define: the logical grouping of organisms based on criteria & characteristics of “biological significance.” TAXONOMY Define: the branch of science that classifies organisms and names them using “Binomial Nomenclature.”

3. REVIEW
Broadest, most Inclusive Narrowest, most Exclusive

4. Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Great
Spain!
copyright cmassengale

5. REVIEW c. Carolus Linnaeus 18th century taxonomist
CLASSIFICATION
c. Carolus Linnaeus
18th century taxonomist
developed a classification system based on physical characteristics
Developed naming system still used today

6. REVIEW CLASSIFICATION How organisms are divided into taxa
Physical Characteristics (Linnaeus only)
Phylogeny
Genetics
Linnaeus only used physical characteristics to group and name organisms.
Phylogeny- examining how organisms are related to each other based on evolution.
Genetics - Similarities in an organism’s genes can be used to help determine how

7. REVIEW CLASSIFICATION Binomial Nomenclature Genus Species
Language used
Binomial nomenclature is the scientifically accepted naming system using two names.
Genus - ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!
species- always lower case!
Names are Latin – universal language

8. REVIEW CLASSIFICATION
Domains - Broadest, most inclusive taxon; there are three
Archae - unicellular prokaryotes
Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotes
Eukarya - more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

9. REVIEW
Kingdoms

10. DOMAINS Domains ARCHAE Kingdoms ARCHAEBACTERIA
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
PROKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
UNICELLULAR
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
CELL WALL WITH no PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
BOTH

11. DOMAINS Domains BACTERIA Kingdoms EUBACTERIA
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
PROKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
UNICELLULAR
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
CELL WALL WITH PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
BOTH

12. DOMAINS Domains EUKARYA Kingdoms PROTIST
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
EUKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
MOSTLY UNICELLULAR
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
CELL WALL WITH CELLULOSE
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
BOTH

13. DOMAINS Domains EUKARYA Kingdoms FUNGI
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
EUKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
MULTICELLULAR EXCEPT ONE
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
CELL WALL CONTAIN CHITIN
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
HETEROTROPHS

14. DOMAINS Domains EUKARYA Kingdoms PLANT
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
EUKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
MULTICELLULAR
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
CELL WALL MADE WITH CELLULOSE
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
AUTOTROPHS

15. DOMAINS Domains EUKARYA Kingdoms ANIMALS
Cell Type – Prokaryote or Eukaryote
EUKARYOTE
# of cells – Unicellular or Multicellular or Both
MULTICELLULAR
Cell Structure – Cell wall composition
NO CELL WALL
Nutrition – Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both
HETEROTROPHS

16. REVIEW
VIRUS
Define- Viruses are nonliving particles that can only reproduce within a HOST CELL (living cell).
Incapable of reproducing independently.
Do not grow.
Do not have homeostasis.
Do not metabolize.
Can crystallize.

17. REVIEW VIRUS Structure and Function Nucleic Acid – DNA or RNA
Capsid - protein coat surrounding nucleic acid; arrangement determines shape; contains special sites on its protein surface that allow the virus to attach and penetrate the host cell membrane
Envelope - membrane surrounding the capsid; not found in all viruses; helps the virus enter cells. Made up of proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins.

18. REVIEW
VIRUS
Structure and Function

19. REVIEW
VIRUS
Replication
LYTIC CYCLE
Attach
Entry
Assembly
Release

20. REVIEW
VIRUS
Replication
Lysogenic Cycle
Attach
Entry
Integration

21. REVIEW Replication VIRUS treat symptoms or suppress the virus
Know symptoms of organism
treat symptoms or suppress the virus
Your immune system has to kill the virus
Active infection is the Lytic Cycle.
Inactive infection is the Lysogenic Cycle.
Lysogenic can change into the Lytic Cycle.

22. REVIEW
Viral Diseases
Host specific – many cannot jump to a new species
Cell specific – can enter only certain cell types in an organism
Diseases caused
Viruses tend to attack particular species of animals and plants and specific cells in the organism.

23. REVIEW VIRUS Antiviral drugs – treat symptoms or suppress the virus.
Your immune system has to kill the virus.
Vaccine – preparation of weakened or killed virus/viral particle; stimulates immune system to prevent infection by “teaching” it to recognize virus

24. REVIEW
VIRUS
Oncogenic viruses – cause cancer; genes disrupt cell cycle.
Retrovirus – contains RNA; produces a DNA copy of the viral RNA and inserts viral DNA into host cell.
Prion – protein particle with no nucleic acid; accumulation of proteins in an area and kills cells.
Viroid - small naked single-stranded RNA molecules that cause plant diseases.

25. REVIEW
BACTERIA
Two Domains – Archae and Bacteria

26. REVIEW
BACTERIA
Two Kingdoms – Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

27. REVIEW BACTERIA Archaebacteria
Characteristics - Make oxygen; may be ancestors of eukaryotes - DNA sequences of key genes are more like eukaryotes
Types
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles

28. METHANOGENS All anaerobes (no oxygen)
Produce methane from carbon dioxide
Live in marsh mud, swamps, etc.

29. HALOPHILES Aerobic or anaerobic Live in extreme salt environments
Require sodium chloride for growth
In the Great Salt Lake in Utah

30. THERMOACIDOPHILES Aerobic or anaerobic (require sulfur)
live in acidic/hot places; thrives in 41°C to 122°C temperatures
Found in volcanic vents, hot springs
Suggested by some to be some of the earliest bacteria.

31. REVIEW
Eubacteria
Characteristics – prokaryotes; cells walls with peptidoglycan (sugar & amino acid molecule); can live almost everywhere; cause diseases

32. REVIEW Eubacteria b. Classifications - Shape and Cell arrangement
1. staphylo, strepto, diplo
2. coccus, bacillus, spirillum

33. REVIEW
Eubacteria Movement - flagella and cilia

34. REVIEW Nutrition Heterotroph – finds its food
Autotroph – makes its own food using light
Chemoautotroph – makes its own food using inorganic materials and carbon dioxide

35. REVIEW Oxygen Requirements Obligate anaerobe (can’t survive in O2)
Obligate aerobes (must have O2 to survive)
Facultative anaerobe (live with or without O2)

36. REVIEW
Gram Stain test Gram Positive – PURPLE Gram negative - PINK because of a large amount Less peptidoglycan in of peptidoglycan in cell wall cell wall

37. REVIEW Structure and Function Flagella – used for movement
Pili - allow bacteria to stick to surfaces
Capsule - sticky protective layer that helps evade immune system and adhere to substances
Cell Wall: outer covering; gives shape and rigidity to the cell; peptidoglycan included.
Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable

38. REVIEW Structure and Function
Plasmid: accessory rings of DNA; can be used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into bacteria during genetic engineering procedures; can carry resistant genes
Bacterial chromosome: a single circular piece of DNA.
Ribosome: site of protein synthesis
Endospore: thick internal wall that encloses the DNA; formed so bacteria can remain dormant during harsh environmental conditions.

39. REVIEW Bacterial Reproduction Binary Fission 1. Process
2. Asexual or sexual
3. What does it produce?

40. REVIEW Bacterial Reproduction Conjugation 1. Process
2. Asexual or sexual
3. What does it produce?

41. REVIEW Bacterial Reproduction Transformation
1. Process 2. Asexual or sexual
3. What does it produce?

42. REVIEW Helpful Bacteria
Decomposers – these break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.
Nitrogen Fixation – these convert atmospheric nitrogen into soil nitrogen form.
Denitrification – convert excess soil nitrogen form into atmospheric nitrogen.
Photosynthesis – produces oxygen
Human Uses – food, digest petroleum, remove waste from H2O, synthesize drugs, bacterial enzymes used in genetic engineering
Mutualistic Relationships – both organisms benefit; ex. bacteria in human colon

43. REVIEW BACTERIAL DISEASES Strep throat Syphilis Tuberculosis
Harmful Bacteria
Pathogens – cause disease by breaking down tissue or release toxins
Know some common ones
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Strep throat
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Lyme disease
Typhoid fever
Pneumonia
Tetanus
Gonorrhea

44. REVIEW
Treatment
Antibiotics – destroy bacterial cells by inhibiting cell wall growth or protein synthesis
Antibiotic resistance - changes in the DNA of the bacterium or transfer of genes that are resistant to antibiotics:
Vaccine (prevention) – stimulates immune response

45. REVIEW Controlling Bacteria
Sterilization – kill bacteria by heat or chemical action .
Refrigeration – bacteria grows at a slow rate in cold temperatures.
Hand Sanitizer – the alcohol kills bacteria by dissolving the bacteria's cellular membrane which kills the cell.
Canning – kill bacteria by heat when preserving food.