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Mechanics: “Classical” Mechanics
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Mechanics: “Classical” Mechanics
“Classical” Physics: “Classical” Before the 20th Century The foundation of pure & applied macroscopic physics & engineering! Newton’s Laws + Boltzmann’s Statistical Mechanics (& Thermodynamics): Describe most of macroscopic world! However, at high speeds (v ~ c) we need Special Relativity: (Early 20th Century: 1905) Ch. 14 of M&T Also, for small sizes (atomic & smaller) we need Quantum Mechanics: (1900 through ~ 1930) Physics 4307! “Classical” Mechanics: (17th & 18th Centuries) Still useful today!
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Four Fundamental Forces Of Nature!
Mechanics The science of HOW objects move (behave) under given forces. (Usually) Does not deal with the sources of forces. Answers the question: “Given the forces, how do objects move”? Forces are classified into four types: Four Fundamental Forces Of Nature! Mechanics (in some form) applies to all four!
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The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The Sources of these forces: In order of decreasing strength
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Still being researched. Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, ... Weak Nuclear Force: Nuclear decay. Fermi, Bethe & others. Still being researched. Gravitational Force: Newton (“classical” mechanics) Einstein (general relativity)
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The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The Sources of these forces: In order of decreasing strength
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The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature
“Electro-Weak” Force Since ~ the late 1960’s, in some sense have reduced the 4 fundamental forces to 3! The Electromagnetic Force & the Weak Nuclear Force were combined into one theory. S. Weinberg & A. Salaam: The 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics!
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The Standard Model of Particle Physics
The “Periodic Table for Elementary Particles”! Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak Theory Protons & Neutrons consist of 3 Quarks each.
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Standard Model
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Standard Model
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Standard Model
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The Rest of Physics! Statistical Mechanics: (Physics 4302)
What we’ve mentioned is all of physics except: Statistical Mechanics: (Physics 4302) The mechanics of systems with huge numbers of particles (>> ~ 1023). Uses probability & statistics methods to calculate the macroscopic properties of a system from the microscopic force laws between the particles. The major LINK between microscopic & macroscopic physics! Contains Thermodynamics as a sub-theory!
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