1. 1750 – 1850

2. Revolutions we have studied
The Renaissance: an artistic revolution
1300 – 1600
Began in Italy, spread throughout Europe
Painting, sculpture, architecture

3. Revolutions we have studied
The Reformation: a religious revolution – 1600
Martin Luther: 95 thesis, justification by faith
English reformation: Anglican Church
Catholic Reforms: ended indulgences, started schools, extension of the Inquisition

4. Revolutions we have studied
The Enlightenment: a scientific and philosophic revolution 1500s – 1600s
Copernicus: heliocentric theory
Scientific Method
John Locke: natural rights
Social Contract

5. Industrial Revolution
Began in Britain about 1750
Was not sudden, like political revolutions
Began with changes in agricultural methods
Characterized by technological changes

6. Began in Britain Had plentiful natural resources Population Explosion
Rivers/canals for transportation & water power
Natural ports & sea travel facilitated trade
Coal & Iron resources plentiful
Population Explosion
Large workforce
Demand for goods
Overseas empire

7. Machines make a difference
Textiles were the largest industry.
New machines like the Flying Shuttle, the Spinning Jenny and the Cotton Gin sped up production.

8. Factories Born in Britain
Prior to Industrial Revolution, the “put out” system was in place.
Also known as “cottage industry.”
Now large buildings containing machinery were built near streams and rivers.
Eventually factories were powered by steam engines.

9. Transportation Revolution
Canals were dug to connect rivers and increase transportation to inland towns.
The refinement of the steam engine led to steam-powered ships and locomotives.

10. One thing leads to another
Inventors developed machines
Production sped up
Transportation became more efficient
Prices of goods fell
Lower prices means increased demand
Inventors develop better machines
The cycle repeats itself …

11. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization.
Urbanization – the movement of people to cities
Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers led people to migrate to cities.
Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines mushroomed.
Manchester grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.

12. The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class, or bourgeoisie.
The middle class lived in clean neighborhoods with running water and paved streets. Women stayed home to raise their children.
They included merchants, inventors, investors, and “rags-to-riches” individuals who were admired for their hard work and “get-ahead” attitude.

13. The cities where the working class lived were crowded, dark, dirty, and smoky.
The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory tenements packed into vile-smelling slums.
Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench.
Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water and spreading disease.

14. Factory workers lived and worked in unpleasant conditions.
In factories the work pace was rigidly set. Shifts lasted 12 to 15 hours.
Tired workers were easily hurt by machines with no safety devices. Textile factory air was polluted with lint.
In rural villages people worked hard, but work varied by the season. They controlled their own work pace.

15. Organizations such as labor unions were illegal.
Frustration at times turned to violence:
Frustrated workers tried to organize secretly, but they lacked a political voice and were powerless to affect change.
Between 1811 and 1813, textile workers rioted.
Groups called Luddites smashed labor-saving machines that were replacing workers.

16. Most early factory workers were women.
Women could be paid half what men earned.
They were considered easier to manage.
It was believed they could adapt better than men.
This created a double burden on women.
After 12 hours of work, they returned home to care for their families in damp, crowded tenements.

17. Child labor was an accepted practice.
Most children began work at age seven or eight.
Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into machines to change spools or repair thread.
They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms.
Children in mines worked in the dark and dampness for long hours, often doing hard labor.

18. Child labor reform laws called “factory laws” were passed in the early 1800s.
Children’s workdays were reduced to 12 hours.
Children under eight were removed from the cotton mills.
New laws in the 1830s and 1840s further reduced hours for women and children, sent inspectors into factories, and required that children be educated.

19. New Industrial Powers Emerge
Industrial revolution began in Britain
Rules prohibited export of inventions
In 1807 a British mechanic opened textile factories in Belgium.
By mid-1800’s other nations began to industrialize

20. Industrialization Spread Quickly
Germany, France and the United States had abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources. (even more than Britain)
They “borrowed” British technology
They imported and adapted British equipment
For example, Fulton used one of Watt’s steam engines

21. Uneven Development Some country’s development was fast:
Germany and the United States led the way
Japan, Canada, Australia & New Zealand
Other countries lagged behind:
Eastern and Southern Europe
lacked natural resources and money to invest in new technology
Russia
Had resources but Russian revolution slowed industrialization

22. Changes from the Industrial Revolution
Industrial nations experienced social changes
New middle class emerged
Owned and operated factories, mines, railroads
Lived in well furnished, spacious homes
Rapid urbanization: people moved to cities
Most working class lived in poor conditions, like tenements
Men, women & children worked long hours in very difficult situations

23. Changes from the Industrial Revolution
Factories produced huge quantities at low prices
Ordinary workers buying up goods
Increased demand for goods created jobs
Cities, railroads & factories grew creating jobs
Industrial nations experienced political changes
Free market societies
Working class people could vote

24. Blessing or a Curse? Early industrial age workers had it rough
In time, reformers passed laws improving working conditions
Labor unions brought about better wages, safer conditions
Demand for mass-produced goods grew, resulting in new factories, making more jobs