1. Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution—a time of great economic, technological, and social changes that began in England between 1780 & and eventually spread throughout Europe and the USA. Increased production was brought on by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources

3. The Rise of the Industrial Revolution

4. Pre-Industrial Society

5. Farming in the Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, most of Europe was organized into farming villages on feudal manors
The manor produced all the food necessary to feed the feudal population (subsistence farming)
1 of 3 manor fields was left fallow (empty) so the field could regain its fertility after being harvested
Animals grazed in these pastures

6. The Three Field System

7. Farming in the Middle Ages
An Agricultural Revolution began in England & spread throughout Europe because:
The population of England was increasing & more food was needed to feed the people
Napoleon’s Continental System cut off food imports from Europe into England, so England had to produce more food for itself

8. Why England cont… Factors of Production were available
__________________________-Natural Resources
____________________________ - Physical and mental talents that produce goods and services
____________________________ - Stuff used to make other stuff
_____________________________ - Someone who takes the initiative in using to combining land, labor, and capital to produce a good or service

9. The Agricultural Revolution

10. The Agricultural Revolution
Having one field fallow, farmers were not using all available land; BUT planting crops in all fields took nutrients out of the soil
Crop Rotation (“Scientific Farming”)—Every season, farmers used all fields but changed what crops are in what fields (Fields depleted of nutrients by 1 crop are replenished by a different crop); More crops produced

12. The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement:
Farmers were losing large amounts of crops after animals trampled them; So wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures & experimented with new farming technology
Villages lost common lands & peasants became poorer; But, more food was produced

13. The Agricultural Revolution
Other Discoveries & Innovations :
Jethro Tull invented the seed drill; made planting seeds more efficient
Use of new crops (American corn & potatoes grew well in Europe)
Results of Agricultural Revolution:
More food was available & the population increased (death rate declined as fewer people starved)

14. The Textile Industry and Factory System

15. Textile Industry and Factory System
The 1st Industry was in Textiles:
Cottage industry couldn't keep up with demand for textiles (clothes)
New machines were invented to improve spinning & weaving
Cotton Gin separated seeds from cotton; made cotton profitable; increased need for slave labor
Invented by Eli Whitney

16. Seperated cotton from seeds eli whitney
Cotton Gin

17. Factory System
Mass-produced textiles were much cheaper than hand-made products
Assembly Lines made production much easier than the cottage system

18. Division of Labor created specialized jobs in each factory

19. Interchangeable Parts
Made machines more reliable and easier to fix
Interchangeable Parts—Henry Ford developed identical parts to his automobiles that could be easily built on assembly line & easily replaced

21. Industrialization spreads
Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States.
Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry?

22. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

23. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
The cottage industry replaced by factory system
Factory conditions were harsh— men competed against women & children
Slave trade competed against free workers; Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased demand for cotton, slave labor

24. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
Owners had complete control over workers
Women, children provided cheap labor
Children were assets on farm, liability in cities

29. Child Labor

30. Child Labor
1832—committee set up to investigate child labor in factories; Shocking results
1833—limited 9 hour workday for ages 9-13; 12 hour workday for ages 13-18
1842—kids under 10 years cannot work in underground mines
Later acts limited working hours for women and children, made school mandatory, & forced owners to improve safety on machines

31. Health and Living Conditions

32. Health and Living Conditions
Lower-class workers lived in Tenement homes near the factory; many families lived on 1 floor or same apartment
Areas around tenements were known as slums because of high crime, dirty streets, poor workers

35. Health and Living Conditions
Company towns—company owner would build apartment, own grocery, own schools, everything—workers got paid by owners, but had to buy all
necessities in the owner’s stores

36. Company Town

37. Health and Living Conditions
By 1850, working conditions were so bad that an uprising became possible
Led to improvements in cities
Public Health Act 1875 forced towns to pave, light, and clean roads; appoint Medical Officer of Health
Problems with sewage, water supply, disease, food, housing were examined

38. Health and Living Conditions
Urban conditions improved dramatically:
Filters used to purify water
Sewers, public baths built
Sale of harmful food prohibited
Soup kitchens set up to feed unemployed workers
Established police force to make slums safer

39. Unions

40. Unions
As urbanization increased (moving to cities), people discussed & identified similar problems
1700s—unions (clubs with members from same profession) were first formed for several reasons:
Get better pay
Work shorter hours
Better & safer working conditions

41. Growth of Democracy
Labor unions began to grow & gain power; By 1770s, nearly every trade had union & won better conditions
1871—290,000 workers in unions
1914—4,000,000 workers in unions
In 1884, Fabian Society formed— promoted good working conditions for workers through education & new laws

42. Unions
1870s—workers won right to strike (protest & not work) without being blamed for financial losses to company
Small unions joined together to form large unions; Eventually included all workers, not just skilled craftsmen

43. Class Struggles

44. Laissez-Faire economics
Adam Smith (Enlightenment thinker) published The Wealth of Nations
The Government should stay out of economy and let the market control itself
Thomas Malthus
Says that we cannot escape poverty
Population will grow faster than food production
Big companies used this to justify not paying their employees
War, disease, famine, decreased reproduction

45. Laissez-Faire economy
Leads to entrepreneurship where people start their own businesses.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
John D. Rockefeller
Oil
Carnegie rags to riches
All three against unions
Made great advances in their respective industries

46. Class Struggles
Inequalities of capitalism led to other ideas about economy; Socialism—society controls businesses; no wealthy or poor classes in society
Robert Owen—set up “utopian” socialist community based on cooperation

47. Class Struggles
Karl Marx outraged by inequalities of wealth & poor treatment of workers
Wrote Communist Manifesto— workers will rise up against owners & wealthy; Set up communism—economic system in which everyone is treated equally, all wealth shared, Government controls means of production

48. All are Economic Theories
Capitalism
Private ownership of business
Profit Motive
Government plays no role in economy
All are Economic Theories
Socialism
Communism
Everyone Equal, Society controls businesses
Capitalism is bad, equality is good
Everyone equal, working class uprising,