1. Cytology and Histology 101
Intro. Video

2. I. Body Tissues = division of labor. All work together.
Epithelial Tissue = lining or covering of the body 
Function = Protection, absorption, filtration and secretion. 

3. Characteristics of Epithelial
fits closely together to form continuous sheets.
Always have one free surface or edge. (apical)
Basement membrane = what the lower
surface rests upon (usually connective tissue)
No blood supply at all. Rely on diffusion!!!
Regenerate easily. 

4. Types of Epithelial cells-- named according to shape & arrangement.
Simple = one layer Stratified = more than one layer
A. Squamous= flattened “scale”
DRAW ONE HERE! 
b. cuboidal = dice shaped
c. columnar … DRAW ONE HERE! 
d. Simple squamous found in lungs and blood vessels. Easy diffusion!

5. MORE TYPES… Epithelial Song :)
Simple cuboidal found in glands and
Simple cuboidal found in Goblet cells/ digestive system
Psuedostatified columnar found in the respiratory tract have cilia.
Statified sqaumous found in areas of friction like the epidermis and mouth.
Transitional epithleial found in organs that stretch like urinary bladder.
Glandular = one or more cells that make or secrete a product.
Secretion = protein molecules in a water based fluid MUCUS) for protection!
Endocrine gland =ductless Exocrine = have ducts

6. Connective Tissue = most abundant tissue in the body.
 Function: Protect, support and bind together, store fat, produce blood cells, repair and protect against infection.

7. Characteristics of Connective Tissue : Video
a. vary in blood supply and are farther apart than epithelial.
b. Extracellular matrix can hold more weight & stretch more.
Collagen = white… resist pulling,
elastic = light yellowish ex. tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone)
reticular = very fine fibers ex. = spleen

8. Cell Types Macrophages – eat forgein particles
Mast cells - release proteins that help prevent blood clots and stop allergic reactions.
Fibroblasts—most common connective tissue, star shaped and secrete protein into extracellular matrix.
Loose Connective – flexible
Areolar—most abundant, delicate, thin and elastic, provides a soft cushion ex. collagen
Adipose - FAT, cushions, insulates and protects organs.

9. More about connective tissue…
Reticular- interwoven like blood cells in spleen
Dense Connective- not so flexible
Cartilage – rigid, protects and attaches
Most common is hyaline cartilage ex. larynx
Elastic- ex. ear
Fibrocartilage – very tough ex. discs btwn.vertebrae
Bone-- most rigid connective tissue, due to mineral salts
Blood-- transports a variety of materials through body and external environment. 

10. Types of Membranes… we will study in next unit 
Serous-- line the body cavities and lack opening to outside body, have a watery fluid that lubricates.
Mucous-- line cavities open to outside the body. Ex. nose and mouth
Cutaneous—a.k.a. the SKIN
Synovial – lines the joints.  

11. Muscle Tissue: Video :)
 Function = movement . Consists of long fibers that contract or shorten.

12. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue…
Smooth / Involuntary = have no striations and elongated nuclei. Found in the walls of organs.
Skeletal = attached to bone. Control voluntary actions. Have obvious striations (light and dark cross markings).
Cardiac = found only in the heart. Fit together closely, each has their own nuclei so that ions can move quickly and heart can contract often.

13. Nervous Tissue : Video :)
Function = control body!
Parts include brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Have neuroglial cells that help neurons communicate. 

14. Tissue Repair = Wound healing
Tissue Repair = Wound healing. Depends on type of tissue damaged and severity of injury.
Regeneration = replacement of cells. Ex. epithelial and connective
Fibrosis = scar tissue. Ex. Muscle & nervous
**** Scar tissue does not function like the original tissue!!
Video

15. Mitosis connection? When cells regenerate wildly = neoplasm.
a. Benign = grow slowly ( not harmful)
b. malignant = grow quickly cancerous!
Hyperplasia = increase in # of cells and is caused by a local irritant
Atrophy = decrease in # of cells if it not used

16. Developmental Aspects: Video
Growth through cell division occurs from conception to puberty.
Cells exposed to friction will continue to reproduce- like your skin.
Connective tissue remains mitotic.
Heart and nervous tissue becomes amitotic. (unable to reproduce) ex. heart attacks cause scar tissue = can’t contract as well.

17. AGING! Cause of aging is unknown.
As we age, our muscles weaken, epithelium becomes thinner, skin loses elasticity and our exocrine glands dry out! 
BET YOU CAN’T WAIT! Ha Ha!