1. Biochemistry
The chemicals of LIFE

2. Essential Elements: CHON
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 98% of all living material.
C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
Make up 99% of all living substances

3. Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds: weak bonds formed when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals.
How are ionic bonds held together?
Covalent Bonds: a stronger bond that is formed when two non-metals share electrons. Their valence shells overlap.
Hydrogen Bonds: a weak ionic bond formed between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen.

4. Polar vs. Ionized:
Molecules can have ends that contain charges without gaining or losing electrons
Polar molecules exist because atoms share electrons unevenly based on electronegativity
Ionic compounds will gain or lose electrons leaving different parts of their molecules with different charges.

5. Water: the cradle of life
Polar molecule
A universal solvent: it will dissolve all other polar molecules through Hydrogen bonding
High Specific Heat Capacity

6. Organic Molecules: Carbon containing molecules:
How many bonds can carbon form?
What shapes of molecules can carbon form?
What is a functional group? Hydroxyl? Carboxyl?
What is an isomer?
Monomer vs. Polymer?

7. Water cont’d Water Ionizes: breaks down into H+ and OH-
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic:
Phobic: water fearing (non-polar)
Philic: water loving (polar)
Cohesion/Adhesion:
Co: water sticking to water
Ad: water sticking to other polar molecules

8. Macromolecules:
Definition: huge molecules consisting of thousands of smaller molecules.
Proteins: thousands of amino acids
Carbohydrates: thousands of monsaccharides
Lipids: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
Polymer: chain of repeating units.
Built through a dehydration synthesis reaction that removes a water to add a bonding site.
Broken down through hydrolysis reactions by adding water.

9. Carbohydrates: Always contain H,C,O H:O Ratio is 2:1 Uses:
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
C18H32O16
Uses:
Energy: main energy source within the cell
Building blocks for all amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleic acids

10. Examples of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides: immediate energy
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Disaccharides :
Sucrose
lactose
Polysaccharides: large storage molecules
Glycogen
Amylose
Cellulose
Chitin

12. Lipids: Always contain C, H, O but much less O than carbohydrates
Fatty acid/glycerol polymer
84 fatty acids in humans
Found in fat, wax, and oil
Insoluble in water
Non-polar
Storage molecules

13. Lipids Cont’d Above: saturated and unsaturated fat molecules
Right: the structure of a normal unsaturated fat and a trans unsaturated fats

14. Lipids Cont’d:
Phospholipids: make up the bi-layer of a cell membrane. Consist of polar heads and non-polar tails.

15. Cholesterol: acts as a cement to hold the lipid bi-layer together
Steroids: hormones
Cholesterol: acts as a cement to hold the lipid bi-layer together
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16. Proteins:
Always contain C, H, O, N
An amino acid polymer

17. Interactions between amino acids and hydrogen bonds give proteins their shape
Uses:
Catalysts
Transport
Coordinated movements
Structural support
Immune

18. Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide polymer DNA: deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen bases ATCG
Determine genetic traits
RNA: ribose sugar with bases AUCG
Carry important genetic information