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Water Review
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1. Chemistry 3 atoms = 2H’s and 1O = H2O
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1. Chemistry In a single molecule the O and the H atoms attach together by Polar Covalent Bonds
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1. Chemistry Polar Covalent Bonds = share e- unevenly = makes H2O a polar molecule = molecule with opposite poles on each side
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1. Chemistry Because it has opposite poles the opposite sides (pos. and neg) (+ -) attract by Hydrogen Bonding
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1. Chemistry 105o angle is caused by the 2 H’s repelling away from each other.
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2. Properties Cohesive Forces – due to Hydrogen
Bonds, water “sticks” to itself. Adhesive Forces – (adheres) due to its polarity, water “sticks” to other things
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2. Properties Cohesive Forces create surface tension
Adhesive Forces create capillary action
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2. Properties Water dissolves a lot of things.
It dissolves salt (NaCl = sodium chloride) NaCl has ionic bonds – Na is a pos. ion (Na+) and Cl is a neg ion (Cl-) Water with opposite poles is attracted to the + & - sides of salt.
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2. Properties Water has a high heat capacity – water molecules absorb and store heat well.
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2. Properties Water Density – as temperature decreases (↓) the water’s density (↓). As water (liquid state) freezes (solid state) the molecules spread slightly apart creating spaces between them.
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2. Properties States of matter – water is unique because it exists in all states of matter naturally. This can be on land or in the atmosphere. In the air it can be vapor (gas), rain (liquid), or snow/ice (solid).
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2. Properties Hydrophobic – water hating oil and H2O
Hydrophilic – water loving salt and H2O
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3. Water Cycle Sun – provides the main source of energy to run the water cycle 6 5
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3. Water Cycle Reservoir – ANYWHERE water can be stored 6 5
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3. Water Cycle Residence Time – the time water spends in a reservoir 6
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3. Water Cycle Where would the residence time be the most?
Where would the residence time be the least? 6 5
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3. Water Cycle Transpiration – water leaves little holes in the plant and travels through evaporation into the atmosphere evapotranspiration
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3. Water Cycle Find: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation
6 5 Find: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Sublimation Surface Runoff Infiltration Glaciers Groundwater
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3. Water Cycle 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water.
in the oceans (salt water). 3% is fresh water (very little salt).
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3. Water Cycle – Surface Water
Watershed – a land area in which surface runoff drains into a river or a system of rivers and streams
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3. Water Cycle - Groundwater
Porosity – the spaces between rocks where water is stored Permeability – the ability of water to flow through the pore spaces
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3. Water Cycle - Groundwater
Turbidity – the amount of suspended particles in the water (cloudiness or muddiness)
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3. Water Cycle - Groundwater
For a groundwater aquifer to contain the same amount of water, the amount of recharge, amount added, must equal the amount of discharge, amount removed.
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3. Water Cycle - Groundwater
The amount of water that is available to enter groundwater is influenced by: local climate slope of the land type of rock vegetation cover land use in the area
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3. Water Use Point-source pollution – pollution that comes from a single source Nonpoint-source pollution – pollution that can come from multiple sources and difficult to trace to its exact origin
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3. Water Use Utah is the 2nd driest state and constantly faces drought condition and has to share water from the CO river with 7 other states.
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