1. Definitions and examples
Terrorism
Definitions and examples

2. What is terrorism?
Take a couple minutes with the person next to you and come up with a definition and put in the first box
In the second box, write down all the terms you heard from others that might improve or change your definition
Terrorism: Unlawful use of force against persons or property to coerce government or society to further a political objective
(from the FBI)

3. Why use terrorism? Synthesis of war and theater Two main objectives
1. Instill fear
intimidation
2. Send a message

5. Acts of Terrorism Bombings Kidnappings Hijackings Assassinations
Mass murder
Weapons of mass destruction
Often highly planned, but most effective when terror seems random

6. Cycle of violence 2. Oppressed use terrorism to gain power
Hard to break
Real or imagined oppression
1. Elite won’t give up power
2. Oppressed use terrorism to gain power
3. Elite/oppressors strike back harder
Makes oppression real
4. Oppressed may gain help and sympathy from outside groups to help cause/fight back

7. Types of actions 1. Dynastic Assassinations
Take out countries leadership to create chaos and instability

8. Random act of violence to cause greatest fear in public
2. Random Terror
Random act of violence to cause greatest fear in public
Non-discriminatory
Any place, any time

9. Go to where the oppressor may be Attack symbol of the oppressor
3. Random Focused Terror
Go to where the oppressor may be
Attack symbol of the oppressor
Mumbai, Bali
Mumbai news clip

10. 4. Focused Terror
Attack oppressor in their place of power
Ft. Dix (2 times), Pentagon

11. 5. Mass Terror
State sanctioned terror against its own citizens for political purposes

12. Terrorist as Actors 1. Fundamentalists
Desire to go back to a time when things were perfect/better (possibly never existed)
Ku Klux Klan -return to pre-Civil War, white power, started as Southern then grew, modern world is not good so need a scapegoat=blacks, immigrants
Al-Qaeda –go back to pre-Israel Sunni Muslim “state”
Strictly follow sharia law (religious law)
Often mix religion with their ideology

14. Against authority b/c all government limits freedom
2. Anarchists
Against authority b/c all government limits freedom
Political anarchy: strike out against government
Women as likely as men to be anarchists b/c of problems with the moral/social order
Ted Kaczynsky (Unabomber): oppressors of freedom as targets
mainly corporate, educational, and governmental
Colombine shooters: Against social order
School rules and implicit peer rules/order

16. Basque region, Spain: ETA militant separatists who want out of Spain
One group of people want to separate from current country/government b/c they are oppressed
Oppressed keep attacking until they separate
Northern Ireland (still pat of UK)
Irish Republican Army have attacked the British for decades
Palestine: PLO wants out of Israel (fundamentalist and separatist)
Basque region, Spain: ETA militant separatists who want out of Spain

18. Terrorists before communists
4. Marxist
Want to end exploitation
Gender, race, ethnicity
Want equality
Use Marxist ideology; masses are too easily exploited; must help them
Lenin
Mao
Castro
Terrorists before communists

19. 5. State Sponsored Terrorism
Use Terrorists groups to carry out political objectives
Too dangerous to do on own
Pakistan: Kashmir area, assisted al-Qaeda and Taliban
USSR: sponsored communist revolutions around the world
USA: aided the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan
Too many other examples

20. 6. State Terrorism Government uses terror against own people
Nazis: Holocaust
Pol Pot: Khmer Rouge
1.5 M Cambodians died of starvation, execution, disease, and overwork
Stalin: Purge USSR of anti-Communists
French Rev: Jacobins- “Reign of Terror”