1. Organic Compounds

2. Simple Organic Compounds
Organic means carbon containing
90% of all compounds organic compounds
Most are synthetic compounds

3. Carbon has 4 valence e-
will bond with other elements to form chains that are either continuous, branched, or ringed

4. Carbon can form either single, double, or triple bonds
Carbon can bond with many other compounds such as H, N, Cl, and O

5. Hydrocarbons
Account for 90% of energy sources used in homes, schools, industry, and transportation

6. hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbons
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Homologous series describes the increase in molecular structure from one compound to the next compound in a series
as the # carbons increases
Boiling points
Melting points
Molar mass

7. Straight chains or branches
alkanes
Single bonds
CnH2n+2
Straight chains or branches

8. 10 simple hydrocarbons

9. Formulas pg 696 Molecular formula Complete structural formula
Condensed structural formulas
Carbon skeleton
Line-Angle formula

16. alkenes
Double bonds
CnH2n

17. alkynes
Triple bonds
CnH2n-2

18. assignment
Know name, formula, and structure of 10 simple hydrocarbons

19. Types of models

20. saturated hydrocarbons
contain single covalent bonds.
They are tightly packed and close together. They are solids and not good for you.

21. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing at least one double or triple bond
These are not tightly packed and will not become solids. They are better for you.

23. Isomers
Compounds that have same molecular formulas but different structural formulas
Joined in diff. order
Have different physical properties
Melting point
Boiling points
Chemical reactivity

24. stEREOISOMERS Bonds in same order with different spatial arrangement
2 kinds of stereoisomers
Geometric Isomers
Double or triple bonds prevent the rotation of the molecule
Cis-branches on the same side
Trans-branches on opposite sides
Optical isomers
Mirror images of each other
Cannot be superimposed

26. Cyclic hydrocarbons
Compounds containing a hydrocarbon ring

28. Aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic compound containing a benzene ring or other ring with bonding similar to benzene
C6H6 simplest formula
Aromatic because gives aromas
Vanilla, cinnamon, ginger, cloves
Contain single ring or group of rings

29. Six carbons with one hydrogen attached to each leaving one electron per carbon free to bond
Bonds between the carbons are shared equally
Bonds are identical hybrids of single and double bonds (alternating double bonds increases stability)

30. Naming Aromatic Compounds

34. Substituted hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced
Substituted Halogen
Alcohols
Organic Acid
Esters

35. Substituted halogens
One or more H is replaced by one or more Halogen(F, Cl, Br, or I)
Freon(CCl2F2) used as a cooling liquid in refrigerators or air conditioners
Trichlorethane(C2H3Cl3)
Trichloethyene (C2Cl4)
both used in dry cleaning & metal cleaning

36. alcohols
Hydrocarbon in which one hydrogen is replaced with an hydroxyl group
-OH

37. Ethanol is produced naturally by bacteria
Methanol is poisonous
used to make plastics and deicer of airplanes
Ethanol is produced naturally by bacteria
Good solvent
Used in car as gas treatments
Medicines
Alcoholic beverages
When used in industry-methanol is added to it to make it poisonous and it is called DENATURED ALCOHOL.

38. Organic acids -COOH Carboxyl Group
One or more carboxyl groups are substituted
Carboxyl Group
-COOH

39. Organic acid examples What do you notice about these two structures?
Butyric Acid
Butter
Acetic Acid
Vinegar
What do you notice about these two structures?
Ant Stings & Certain Plants
Apples

40. esters Combination of an organic acid and alcohol.
Gives fruity smells to pineapples, bananas, apples, etc
Also used in aspirins or other medications

42. polymers
A very large molecule of many smaller molecules bonded together.
Poly= many
Monomers-the smaller molecules that are linked together to make up the chain of a polymer
Mono= one
Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers
Wool Polyester
Cotton Nylon
Silk Plastic

43. Can you imagine?
Why are mixtures, compounds, solutions, and suspensions important to living organisms?
Living organisms are made of molecules of “other” substances such as the cell membrane components(fatty acids & lipids). These molecules must be in solution in order to function in the body.
Other examples….

44. Organic vs. inorganic
Compounds in living organisms are either Organic or Inorganic
ORGANIC =CONTAIN CARBON(Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids)
INORGANIC= NO CARBON
We obtain energy from nutrients that are in the form of biomolecules
There are 4 classes of biomolecules
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

45. carbohydrates Provides fuel source for cellular activities
Compounds containing
C,H, & O.
Twice as many H as O atoms
Include sugars and starches

46. Sugars starches Glucose is the simplest sugar C6H12O6 Found in blood
Provide quick energy after eating
Made up of monomers of glucose
Provide high long lasting energy
Animals store as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
Plants store as glucose molecules for later usage

47. Lipids
Fats and oils
Include animal fats such as butter and vegetable oil
Contain fewer O atoms than H atoms
Contain carboxylic acids
Are either saturated or unsaturated

48. Unsaturated Saturated
Plant lipids
Monounsaturated contain one double bond
Polyunsaturated contain two or more double bonds
Usually liquids
Animal lipids
Saturated
Solid

49. cholesterol A lipid made naturally by plants and animals
The body uses it to make the cell membrane
Can also be found in bile-a digestive fluid
Too much in the body will cause damage to the heart and blood vessels
Important to not eat a lot of saturated fats because our body already makes cholesterol(excessive amounts cause the problems)

50. Proteins Formed from chains of amino acids
The building blocks of many components of organisms(enzymes are proteins)
Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins
Consist of an amine group –NH3 and a carboxylic group –COOH

51. To form protein
Amino acids are joined by a PEPTIDE BOND to form proteins
One Amino Acid combines with the organic group of another amino acid

52. Nucleic acids (dna & RNA)
Control the cell activities and reproduction
Composed of the monomers called nucleotides
Nucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine, & cystosine)

53. Nucleotides Monomers of nucleic acids
Composed of one organic base, a 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and a phosphate

54. nucleotides

55. Dna-deoxyribonucleic acid
Found in nucleus of cell
Double stranded
Genetic code
Codes and stores genetic
information
Base pairs (A-T & G-C)

56. Rna-ribonucleic acid Found in cytoplasm of the cell Single stranded
Protein synthesis
Contains ribose instead of
deoxyribose(sugar)
Contains Uracil instead
of Thymine base

57. Rna structure compared to dna struture

58. comparison