1. Carbon Compounds-Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry
Carbon Compounds-Hydrocarbons
Anura Hewagama, Ph.D.

2. Carbon Compounds - Introduction
Carbon can more compounds than any other chemical element in the periodic table except for hydrogen.
In general bonds of carbon with other elements are covalent bonds.
The simplest organic compounds contain molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen. (Hydrocarbons).

3. Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Contain only single bonds
Contain at least one double bond
Alkynes
Contains at least one triple bond

4. Naming Hydrocarbons
Steps
Prefixes
Identify the longest, continuous carbon chain (Parent Chain)
Count the number of C atoms
Name the hydrocarbon
Alkanes ends with “..ane”
Alkenes ends with “..ene”
Alkyne ends with “.. yne”
# of Carbon
Prefix 1
Meth 2
Eth 3
Prop 4
But 5
Pent 6
Hex 7
Hept 8
Oct 9
Non 10
Dec

5. Homologous
Series
-Has a fixed numerical
relationship between
Among number of
Atoms
For Alkanes
CnH2n+2

6. Isomers
Hydrocarbons with same formula but different structures

7. Branched- Chain Alkanes
So far we discussed: Single-Chain Alkanes ( Carbon atoms bonded to each other in a straight chain) Branched Chain: Example
Alkyl Group
CH3 = Methyl
Fuel: Lighters
Refrigerent, propellant (Shaving gel)

9. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes
Use IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Rules
Count the number of C atoms in the longest, continuous carbon chain (Parent Chain)
Number each carbon in the parent chain, number 1 being the C closest to the substituent group (all substituent groups must receive lowest possible number)
Name each alkyl group substituent
For more than 1 alkyl groups use prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra,……); then use the number of the C atom to which each is attached to indicate the position
When different alkyl groups are attached to same parent structure, place their names in alphabetical order, (do not consider prefixes in determining alphabetical order)
Write the entire name, using hyphens to separate numbers from words and commas to separate the numbers.

10. 4-ethyl- 3,5-dimethyl Octane
Hyphen to separate numbers
from words
4-ethyl- 3,5-dimethyl Octane
Comas to separate numbers