1. #6 - International Pressure to End Apartheid

2. Bishop Desmond Tutu Led economic fight against Apartheid
Nonviolence
Called for an economic boycott of his country.
Organized peaceful marches
Spoke in South Africa and abroad.
Compared apartheid to Nazism
Desmond Tutu Won Nobel
Peace Prize for his efforts

3. Private Corporations Turn up the Pressure: Divestment
 US universities and colleges across US fully or partially divested from South Africa
: United States Companies began pulling out of South Africa due to public pressure
Examples: Coca Cola, General Motors, IBM
70 Companies withdrew
Desmond Tutu - Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his efforts

4. International Sanctions
1985: United States, France, Canada, European Union: placed limited sanctions on South Africa
1986: United States imposed stricter sanctions as violence escalated

5. President F.W. de Klerk Became President September 1989
Realized the massive rioting indicated that Apartheid was no longer practical 
Mass Democratic Movement (MDM):
Led 2 day General Strike: 3 million Africans participated
28 demonstrators killed by police
De Klerk’s response:
February 1990 – legalized ANC
Released Nelson Mandela from Prison in February 1990 (Jailed )

6. End of Apartheid! Meetings between Mandela and de Klerk
Four Year “State of Emergency” Ended
Apartheid Repealed
1953 -Separate Amenities Act repealed (1990) legalized the racial segregation of public premises, vehicles and services

7. More Laws Reversed
1913 Land Acts repealed (June 1991) – Allocated only 7% of land that could be occupied by blacks
March 1992: Referendum (only whites voted)
Should apartheid be repealed?
Many people wanted to end apartheid (68.6%)
Referendum passed
Multiracial government
April 27, 1994: First Universal (multiracial) elections
New Constitution – South African Supreme Court ruled it did not fully comply with the Constitutional Principles.

8. Election of 1994 Election of 1994: Mandela vs. de Klerk
Nelson Mandela elected President
DeKlerk – appointed 2nd VP
What does Nelson have to deal with
1994: Population of South Africa
Whites 16%
Blacks 70%
Mixed races 11%
Asian 3%
1994: 80% of land owned by whites

9. New Constitution - 1996 1996: More democratic Constitution was created
Equal rights
Bill of Rights
Reconciliation
Land re-distribution
DeKlerk stepped down in 1999

10. South Africa Today - Poverty Problem
Although South Africa – 29th largest economy in the world; largest in Africa
Unemployment: 25% (some argue up to 40%)
50% live below the poverty level (2000 estimate)
2010 World Cup of Soccer:
Result – lots of investors into the country
Today:
High Poverty
High Crime Rate
Recession in 2009
Many people remain poor

11. Land Issues Land Distribution still a major issue
Government wanted 30% of farmland returned to blacks by 2014
By only 8% had been reallocated.
Current president propose d foreigners can only
lease land not own it.

12. AIDS in South Africa
South Africa has the 2nd highest AIDS/HIV patients in the world
1/7 is infected with the illness
-5.6 million living with HIV
-310,000 died in 2009
 Retroviral drugs available through
state funding
Life expectancy: years

13. Memberships World Trade Organization G-20
SACU (South African Customs Union)
BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)

14. Major Industries
Mining (world’s largest producer of Platinum, Gold, and Chromium)
Automobile Assembly
Metalworking
Machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizers, foodstuffs
(According to World Bank Report, South Africa ranks 35 out of 183 for ease of doing business)

15. But here is a link showing Black success post apartheid.