1. Carbohydrate Chemistry Part 2: Other Carbohydrates
Dr. Kevin Ahern

2. Nomenclature
Fischer Form
Haworth Form

3. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)

4. Sucrose Sucrose Disaccharides Glucose α1, β2 Diglycosidic Links
Comprised of two sugars
Sucrose
Glucose 1 2 3 4 5 6
α1, β2 Diglycosidic Links 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fructose 1 2 3 4 5 6
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside

5. Disaccharides Glucose Glucose Galactose α-1,4 Glycosidic Bond
Lactose and Maltose
Glucose
Galactose
Glucose 1 2 3 4 5 6
β-1,4 Glycosidic Bond 1 2 3 4 5 6
α-1,4 Glycosidic Bond
Lactose
Maltose
β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose
α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose

6. Reducing Versus Non-Reducing Sugars

7. Found in glycoproteins Play roles in cellular identity
Oligosaccharides
Found in glycoproteins
Play roles in cellular identity

8. Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
Chitin

9. Cellulose Polysaccharides β-1,4 Glycosidic Links Glucose
Sugar Polymers With Glycosidic Bonds
β-1,4 Glycosidic Links
Glucose
Cellulose

10. Amylose - component of starch
Polysaccharides
Sugar Polymers With Glycosidic Bonds
α-1-4 Glycosidic Links 4 1
Glucose
Amylose - component of starch

11. Amylose - component of starch
Polysaccharides
Amylose - component of starch

12. Amylopectin - component of starch
Polysaccharides
α-1,6 Glycοsidic Link Branches 1 6
α-1,4 Glycosidic Links 1 4
Glucose
Amylopectin - component of starch

13. Glycogen Polysaccharides α1,6 links α1,4 links Glucose
Sugar Polymers With Glycosidic Bonds
α1,4 links
Glucose
Glycogen

14. Modified Polysaccharides
Chitin in the wing
of a sap beetle
Chitin

15. Modified Polysaccharides
Galacturonic acid polymer
α-1,4 bonds
Pectin - gelling agent

16. Polysaccharides Binding
Lectins - proteins that bind carbohydrates specifically
Part of innate immune system
Mannose binding lectin targets microbes
Phytohemagglutinins in plants
Used by bacteria/viruses for cellular attachment
Tamiflu inhibits neuraminidase necessary for exit of flu virus

17. Glycolipids
Glycoglycerolipids and Glycosphingolipids

18. Glycolipids
Glycoglycerolipids
Sugar
Diacylglycerol

19. Sphingolipid Backbone
Glycolipids
Glycosphingolipids
Single Sugar
Sphingolipid Backbone
Cerebrosides

20. Sphingolipid Backbone
Glycolipids
Complex Carbohydrate
Glycosphingolipids
Sphingolipid Backbone
Gangliosides

21. Glycosylation
Glycosaminoglycans - polyanionic polymers of modified sugars
Proteoglycans - peptides/proteins linked to polyanionic polymers of modified sugars
Glycoproteins - proteins linked to oligosaccharides
N-linked - joined to asparagine in protein - E.R. and Golgi apparatus
O-Linked - joined to serine/threonine in protein - Golgi apparatus

22. Glycosylation - glycoproteins

23. Glycosylation - Blood typing

26. Chondroitin Sulfate Heparin
Glycosaminoglycans
Unbranched polyanionic saccharide polymers
Heparin

27. Structural Lullaby In your sleep You can keep
(To the tune of "Brahms' Lullaby")
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
Metabolic Melody
In your sleep
You can keep
Learning more about sugars
Fischer schemes
Haworth rings
D & L and everything
Hydroxides
Can’t collide
Fav’ring chair over boat form
Spatial guides
Coincide
With the way structures form