1. Carbohydrates
The body's major source of energy, easily broken down and rapidly utilized
6H2O + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2, where 1gm of CHO is equivalent to 4 KCALS
Sugars and starches, including plants and endogenous sources from the liver and kidney

2. Basic CHO Structure

4. Simple CHOs Monosaccharides
Monosaccharaides are the most basic units of carbohydrates, the simplest form of sugar
They are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids , that are easily digested
Glucose or Dextrose is from starch and plants, such as breads, pastas, rices, potatoes, and most vegetables
Fructose is from fruits, honey, and corn (HFCS), which is concentrated in most processed foods for taste
Galactose is from milk and dairy, mostly in the whey and often limited in processed cheese like cheddar

6. Simple CHOs Disaccharides
A disaccharide is 2 simple sugars combine and eliminate a small molecule, such as water, from the functional group
When glucose and fructose combine they form sucrose, or the equivalent of table sugar
When glucose and galactose combine they form lactulose, or the equivalent of milk sugar
When 2 molecules of glucose combine together they form maltose, or the equivalent of malts and beer

9. Basic CHO Structure

10. Complex CHOs Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units
They range in structure from linear to highly branched, like complex starches, glycogen, and cellulose
Glycogen is an internal storage in liver, muscle, and kidneys that provides 24hrs of energy
Cellulose is an indigestible bulking agent that is either soluble or insoluble, used in the cell walls of plants and other organisms

14. Dietary Fiber
Soluble, oat and barley that form gels. Help with diarrhea to form stool
Insoluble, bran or wheat that remains undigested to increase GI motility, treat constipation.
Benefits include early satiety, GI regularity, glycemic control, cancer risk, cholesterol, and gut micro flora.
Recommended amount is 38gm/day for men and 25gm/day for women

15. Wheat Germ Bran, fibrous outer layers Endosperm, starch containing
Germ, B-vitamins and fats

16. Dietary Fiber

17. Low Calorie CHOs
Sugar alcohols, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol which are hydrolyzed forms of sucrose
Nonnutritive Sweetners, aspartame, saccharin, and Sucrolose
Sugar free, <0.5gm of sucrose per serving, Less or Reduced >25% from original

18. Low Calorie CHOs

19. Carbohydrate Control
Minimum Daily intake of 130gm/day, and 175gm/day for pregnant women, RDA
45-60gm per meal, ADA based in 50-60% of total kcal intake
Where 1 serving of CHO is 15gm, 3 servings is 45gm per meal.
Starch and fruit 15gm/serving, Vegetable is 5gm/serving, and Milk is12gm/serving