1. Carbohydrates
10/13/09

2. II. Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates – contain C, H, O in a ratio of 2H to 1 O.
a. Monosaccharides – simple sugars.
ratio of C to H to O is 1 to 2 to 1. (C6H12O6).
Ex. Glucose , fructose, galactose
(us) (fruits) (milk)
* all 3 have same chemical formula but differ in their structural arrangement – called isomers

3. Same chemical formula C6H12O6, different structural arrangement
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

4. ex. Sucrose (sugar,beets) – made of fructose and glucose.
B. Disaccharides – combining of 2 monosaccharides through a condensation reaction
ex. Sucrose (sugar,beets) – made of fructose and glucose.
lactose(milk) – made of glucose and galactose.
C. Polysaccharide – 3 or more monosaccharides
Ex. glycogen (stored animal sugar), starch (stored plant sugar), cellulose (plant cell wall), chitin (exoskeleton in arthropods)

5. **Characteristics of Carbon**
Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 isotopes (difference in neutrons) can be used for radioactive isotopes.
Carbon can form four bonds (CH4, C2H6), which allows carbon to form stable and strong covalent bonds.

6. **Characteristics of Carbon**
Carbon can also form three different shapes: ringed, branched or straight.
H H H H H H
H C-C-C-C-C-C H
Straight
Ringed
Branched

7. Condensation reaction to form a disaccharide

8. Which one of these uses chitin? Which one of these uses glycogen?

9. Functions of carbohydrates
Provides quick energy in the form of glucose
Can also be stored in the form of glycogen and starch
Can be used structurally as in plants (cellulose) and some animals (chitin)