1. Carbohydrates
What’s the difference between these foods? All the same molecules of glucose and fructose.

2. Carbohydrates General Formula: Cx(H2O)z Single bonds (C-H, C-C, C-O)
Types of carbohydrate molecules
Simple sugars
Mono- and di-saccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch and Cellulose
Glycogen
Polysaccharides are synonymous with complex carbohydrates.

3. Carbohydrates Main energy source for humans
Formed by photosynthesis in plants
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide (1 sugar)
Disaccharide (2 sugars linked in a chain)
Polysaccharide (>2 sugars linked in a chain)
Humans MUST use carbohydrates for energy in our central nervous system (can’t use fat)

4. Carbohydrate – Monosaccharides
Two most common
Glucose
Primary storage form of energy in human body
Fructose
Main sugar found in most plants
Others types consumed
Galactose (from mammalian milk)
Glucose
Fun fact: lactose (glucose and galactose) TOLERANCE is actually a recessive trait.

5. Carbohydrate – Disaccharides
Sucrose

6. Dehydration Synthesis - Sucrose

7. Complex Carbohydrates
Polymers of the simple sugars
Long chains of simple sugars bonded together - polysaccharides

8. Starch – polysaccharide Chain
Starch is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose
It’s long chain of glucose molecules joined together
It is plants way to store glucose

9. Glycogen – a branched polysaccharide
Glycogen is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose
It’s a branched chain of glucose molecules joined together
It is the human body’s way to store glucose in liver and muscle

10. Cellulose – a cross-linked polysaccharide
Made by plants
Cross linking adds rigidity
Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose polymers
Forms cell wall – used for support in plants
Animals can’t digest
Cellulose
1500 linked glucose molecules