1. Carbon Compounds
Biology
K. Beris

2. Carbon Bonding and Functional Groups
Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in its outer shell
They can bond with four different elements
Functional groups
Clusters of atoms
The structural building block that determines the characteristics of a compound
-OH, the hydroxyl group, is important to living things

3. Large Carbon Molecules
In carbon compounds, molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules
Monomers—simple molecules that bonds during condensation reactions
Polymers—monomers that are bound together
Each releases OH- and H+ which combine to form water
Hydrolysis—reversal of condensation reaction
Needs the addition of water to occur

4. Energy Currency Life requires a constant supply of energy
ATP is a compound that contains large amounts of energy in its overall structure

5. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 2 H atoms to 1 O atom

6. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides—a monomer of a carbohydrate
Simple sugar
Contains C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1. Most common monosaccharides are:
Glucose—main source of energy for the cell
Fructose—found in fruits
galactose—found in milk
These sugars are isomers –same chemical formula but different structural forms

7. Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
When 2 monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide
Examples: (write these in on your notes)
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

8. Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
When 2 or more disaccharides combine, they will form a polysaccharide
Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen
Plants store glucose as starches
Cellulose is another polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

9. Proteins Organic compounds composed of C, H, O, and N
Formed by the linkage of monomers
Skin and muscles of animals and many of the catalysts found in plants and animals are made of proteins

10. Proteins
Amino acids—the 20 amino acids are the monomer building blocks for proteins
They share a basic structure
A central carbon atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
A carboxyl group, -COOH
An amino group, -NH2
A group that varies from amino acid to amino acid

11. Dipeptides and polypeptides
Dipeptide—2 amino acids bond to each other, one at a time to form a dipeptide
Polypeptide—amino acids can bond to each other one at a time forming a very long chain

12. Dipeptides and polypeptides
Enzyme—enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its substrate, the reactant being catalyzed
An enzyme may fail to work if its environment is changed
pH or temperature change can change the shape of the enzyme or substrate

13. Lipids
Lipids are large nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water
Have a higher ratio of C and H to O atoms than carbohydrates do

14. Lipids Fatty acids—unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
Two ends have very different properties
Hydrophilic—”water loving”—attracted to water molecules
Hydrophobic—”water fearing”—does not interact with water

15. Lipids
Complex lipids
Triglycerides—made up of 3 molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol
Phospholipids—have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
2 layers make up the cell membrane

16. Lipids Wax—a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
Highly waterproof
In plants, forms a protective coating on the outer surfaces
In animals forms protective layers

17. Lipids, cont.
Steroids—steroid molecules are composed of 4 fused C rings with various functional groups attached to them
Make up animal hormones and cholesterol

18. Nucleic Acids
Very large and complex organic molecules that store information in the cell
2 types
DNA—contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities
RNA—stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins

19. Nucleic Acids
Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers
Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base

20. Carbohydrate Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Picture of the molecule
Name of Macromolecule
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Picture of the molecule
Elements in the molecule
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Categories or buildinblocks
Table sugar
Malt Sugar
Milk sugar
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Sucrose=glucose+ fructose
Maltose=glucose+ glucose
Lactose=glucose+ galactose
Amino acids
glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleotides
Examples
Glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, glycogen, starch, cellulose
Hair, skin, spider webs, feathers, turtle shells, fingernails, bones
Cell membranes
Waxes
Oils
Cholesterol
DNA and RNA
Examples of food sources
Sugar, cake, pie, breads, pasta, rice, potatoes, candy, soda pop
Peanut butter, meat, beans
Vegetable oil
Peanut oil
Lard
butter