1. Digestion??

2. Part 1 of the Digestive System
Nutrition
Part 1 of the Digestive System

3. What are the 3 Major Groups of Food??

4. Essential Nutrients
Living things are composed of non – living chemicals
The macronutrients you need are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals

6. Carbohydrates
Energy!
What happens if we don’t eat enough carbohydrates?
We rely on plant sources for carbs
Examples of Carbs?

7. Chemistry…..?
Carbs are single sugar units or polymers of many sugar units
Single sugar usually contain C, H and O
Monosaccharides- 1 single sugar unit
The simplest sugars are made up of 3, 5, or 6 carbons.
Sugars always have the –ose suffix.
Isomers- all 3 molecules have the same formula but different arrangements

8. Main Types of Sugars
Glucose: The main monosaccharide. Needed for Cellular Respiration (found in the blood)
Fructose: a simple sugar often found in fruits
Galactose: a simple sugar found in dairy products
Ribose: genetic sugar, helps make RNA
Deoxyribose: genetic sugar, helps make DNA
Cellulose: makes up plant walls

9. 2 monosaccharides = 1 disaccharide
Dehydration synthesis- larger molecules formed by removal of water from 2 smaller molecules
Hydrolysis: is the addition of water to split larger molecules.

10. Main types of Disaccharides
Sucrose: a glucose and a fructose sugar molecule joining together
Maltose: 2 glucose molecules joining together
Lactose: a glucose and a galactose molecule joining together

11. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides- formed from many monosaccharides – example: starch
Starches exist as amylose and amylopectin
Can contain 1000 or more units of glucose
In the shape of a helix

12. Polysaccharides Starch: a plant carbohydrate used to store energy
Glycogen: the form of carbohydrate storage in animals
Cellulose: a plant polysaccharide that makes up cell walls.
We store carbs as glycogen in the…

13. Tests for Carbohydrates
Benedicts test- detects reducing sugars (all monosaccharide's and some disaccharides)
The benedicts reagent turns from blue (little amount) to orange/red (a lot) when reducing sugars are present
Starch test- detects the presence of complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) or starch
Iodine is added and creates a blue-black iodine starch complex

14. Lipids??

15. Lipids Why does fat float?
2 units: glycerol and fatty acids- forms a Triglyceride
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Function: storage of energy
What else do lipids do??

16. Fat Stats
Once the body has enough glycogen it converts excess sugars into lipids. This is why too many carbs can be a bad thing
Key component in cell membranes
Acts a cushion for delicate organs
Serves as a carrier for vitamin A, D, E, and K
Raw materials for synthesis of hormones and other important chemicals
Insulator

17. Saturated and Non- Saturated Fats
Saturated- only a single bond between carbon atoms (often animal based)
Non-saturated- double bonds between carbon atoms (often plant based)
Think – Butter vs
Cooking Oil
Exception: Coconut
Oil

18. Phospholipids Have a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol backbone
The polar end of the lipid is now soluble in water and the non polar end is insoluble
It is now a major component of a cell membrane

19. Think about it! Why are fats bad for you? Are All Fats bad for you?

21. Tests for Lipids
Translucence Test- lipids cause unglazed brown paper to become translucent. Non-lipids do not.
Sudan IV Test- lipids dissolve in the sudan IV indicator turning it from a black granular form to a pink or red paste.

22. Assignment Please complete practice questions on page 245: 1 – 5
Please read and complete the case study questions on page : 1 – 5

23. PROTEINS

24. Proteins Proteins are not a primary energy compound.
They are chains of amino acids that form structures in cells or act as antibodies or enzymes.
When damage occurs and repair is needed, proteins are made

25. What do Proteins do?? Used to form structural parts of the cell
Composed of amino acids
Muscles, nerves, skin and hair is mostly protein
Composed of C, H and O
Not primarily energy- unlike carbs and fats
They can also contain N and S atoms as well
The

26. Proteins in the Body
Antibodies are specialized proteins that help the body defend itself against disease.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

27. Proteins are composed of 20 different Amino Acids
Change in position of one amino acid..the structure can be altered
Small protein only a few amino acids…some can contain up to

28. The number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein
Protein you eat is digested and them reassembled
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
Essential amino acids- we need from food!!
Fish different from cow and human
Reassembled to match your genes
Protein synthesis as well- a water molecule is formed
Chains of amino acids polypeptides

29. How are proteins formed

30. Protein Structure Proteins form specific three dimensional shapes.
Proteins can be shown in their primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure.

31. Denaturation and Coagulation
Denaturation- process when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a change in shape
Coagulation- permanent change in protein shape (ex. Boiled egg)
Physical or chemical factors disrupt bonds- cause denaturation- change in the proteins physical properties and its biological activty- it can no longer function how it was supposed to- proteins are like keys- they need to be shaped right to do their job

32. Tests for Proteins
Biuret Test- when the blue biuret reagent is added to proteins, the peptide bonds turn the biuret reagent a purple colour.
When exposed to excessive heat, radiation or changes in pH, the hydrogen bonds that hold proteins together break down, disrupting the configuration/ shape of the protein.

33. Can you find it??

34. Testing for Organic Molecules
Test Name
Testing For
Results
Iodine
Starch
Benedicts
Glucose
Biuret
Protein
Paper Spot Test
Fats

35. Testing for Organic Molecules
Write observations from Simulation
Test Product
Result (+/-)
Observation
Carrot
Wheat
Apple
Egg
Tomato
Oats
Potato
Bread