1. Sports Medicine I
Mr. Ryan

2. What Will I Learn? Human biology Anatomy Exercise Physiology
Kinesiology
Biomechanics
Muscles, bones, ligaments, organs
Mechanics and treatment of sports injury

3. Course Expectations See Handout Warm Up
Write what you think these words mean:
Anatomy
Physiology
Kinesiology
Biomechanics
Anatomical Position

5. Answers
Anatomy - The scientific study of how the body is organized concentrating on bones, joints, muscles, and organs, their kinds and their arrangements. (ana- : separate, -otomy: incision/cut)
Physiology - is the study of how cells and organ systems function. (-ology: study of)
Kinesiology – the study of human movement.
Biomechanics - The study of motion and the effects of forces relative to the body. (bio- :life)
*Take “Pre-Quiz”

6. Warm Up Name the anatomical names of the following muscles and bones:
Collar bone
Chest muscle
Thigh bone
Shoulder blade
Stomach muscles
Breast plate
Calf muscle

7. Anatomical Terms How do I dorsiflex my toes?
Do my hamstrings help in flexion or extension of the knee joint?
In which anatomical plane do I do a “jumping jack”?
Which is more medial? Elbow or wrist?
Is my belly button on the anterior or posterior side of my body?

8. Introduction to Anatomy
The anatomical position

9. Anatomical Terms In relation to the frontal plane:
Anterior – refers to the front of the body
Posterior – refers to the back of the body
In relation to the sagittal plane:
Medial – closer to the midline
Lateral – farther from the midline
Other directional terms:
Superior - toward the head end of the body
Inferior - away from the head
Proximal – towards an attachment
Distal – away from an attachment
Dorsal – toward the back/posterior
Plantar – toward/on the sole of the foot
Ventral – toward the front/anterior

10. Movement
Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body
Extension – is the opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle

11. Cont…
Adduction - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body.
Abduction - the exact opposite, with an increase in the angle.

12. Cont…
Rotation – is rotation of an entire limb clockwise (laterally) or anticlockwise (medially).
Circumduction -is a special case of movement involving adduction, flexion, extension and abduction. The resulting movement creates a circular path of movement. (Ball and socket joints)

14. Cont…
Pronation – this is the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces posteriorly.
Supination - roation of the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly.

15. Cont…
Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted).
Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.

16. Cont… Dorsi flexion – toes pointing up
Plantar flexion – toes pointing down

17. Cont…
Retraction – gliding a segment backward ( e.g. scapulae squeeze together)
Protraction – when a segment glides forward (e.g. mandible/jaw)

18. Skeletal System

20. Bones Protect organs Support/Framework
Provide Movement (work with muscles)
Store minerals
Produce blood cells
2 skeletons
Axial (spine, thorax, and skull
Appendicular (bones of the extremities)

21. Anatomical Characteristics of Bone
Dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) that are filled in a matrix, which consists of an intercellular material.
Compact (hard) tissue – outer surface, tunneled by a marrow cavity
Cancellous (spongy) bone – inner aspect composed of a more porous tissue
Contains a network of blood and lymphatic vessels
Periosteum – tissue that covers a bone and contains the blood supply to the bone

23. Cont… Epiphysis – growth plate located at the ends of a long bone
Bone types
Long (femur)
Short (metacarpal)
Flat (scapula)
Irregular (vertebra)
Osteoblasts – bone-producing cells (new)
Osteoclasts – cells that resorb bone (break up old bone)

25. Marrow
Red Marrow – RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
Yellow Marrow – WBC’s

29. GROWTH PLATE

30. Cartilage Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones
Functions:
Join structures (ribs and sternum)
Absorb shock
Permit smooth bone movement
3 types
Hyaline or articular (nasal septum, articular ends of bones of synovial joints)
Fibrous (vertebral discs, menisci)
Elastic (external ear)

31. Joints Three classifications of joints:
Synovial, Fibrous, and Cartilaginous
Ligaments – connective tissue joining bone to bone
Synovial (Diarthrodial) –
Have fantastic mobility and consist of a joint capsule
Consists of
Joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane
Hyaline cartilage
Ligaments

32. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket – allow all possible movement
Shoulder and hip joints
Hinge – allow only flexion and extension
Elbow and knee
Pivot – permits rotation around an axis
Cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna
Ellipsoidal – have an elliptical convex head and a concave socket
wrist

33. Cont… Saddle – reciprocally concavo-convex
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Gliding – allow a small amount of gliding back and forth and sideways
Joints between the carpal and tarsal bones, joints between vertebrae

35. Fibrous (Synarthrodial) Joints
Held by connective tissue
Immovable
E.g.
Bones of the skull.
Between tibia and fibula

37. Cartilaginous (Ampiarthrodial) Joints
Cartilage attaching two bones together
E.g. Where the ribs meet the sternum

39. Muscles (mm) Three types: Smooth – internal organs Cardiac – heart
Skeletal – attached to skeleton responsible for movement
TYPE I – “Slow Twitch”
TYPE II – “Fast Twitch”

41. MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AGONIST - Muscles that carry out a given action.
ANTAGONISTS – mm that carry out the opposing action.
ISOTONIC – mm contraction, tension remains unchanged and the muscle's length changes.
CONCENTRIC – mm shortens.
ECCENTRIC – mm lengthens.
ISOMETRIC – mm stays the same length.

42. Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

43. Muscles Composed of contractile cells or fibers
Myofibrils are surrounded by the endomysium
Fiber bundles are surrounded by the perimysium
The entire muscle is surrounded by the epimysium
Tendon – attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis - connective tissue that attaches to other muscles

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