1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
Articulations
Functional junctions between bones
Bind parts of skeletal system together
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

3. Classification of Joints
By degree of movement:
synarthrotic - immovable
amphiarthrotic - slightly movable
diarthrotic - freely movable

4. Classification of Joints
By Structure:
Fibrous Joints
dense connective tissues connect bones
between bones in close contact
Cartilaginous Joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bone
Synovial Joints
most complex
allow free movement

5. Fibrous Joints Syndesmosis a sheet of fibrous tissue amphiarthrotic
3 Types
Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
a sheet of fibrous tissue
amphiarthrotic
Ex: between tibia and fibula

6. Fibrous Joints Suture between flat bones synarthrotic found in Skull
Gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket
synarthrotic
Ex: tooth in jawbone

7. Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
Synarthrotic
Ex: at epiphyseal plate (temporary) & between manubrium and first rib

8. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones
amphiarthrotic
Ex: pubis symphysis & between vertebrae

9. Synovial Joints
includes most joints
diarthrotic

10. Synovial Joints parts include joint capsule joint cavity
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
some also have
bursae
menisci
Ligaments – collagenous fibers that reinforce joint capsule

11. Surgical Removal Of Torn Meniscus

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Widest range of motion
Ex: hip & shoulder
Condyloid Joint
motion in different planes but no rotation
Ex. between metacarpals and phalanges

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint
Sliding & twisting
Ex: between carpals & tarsals
Hinge Joint
Flexion & extension
Ex: elbow & between phalanges

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
rotation
between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle Joint
2 plane movements
between carpal & metacarpal of thumb

15. Types of Joint Movements
abduction/adduction – to/away from midline
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion – bending foot up/down
flexion/extension/hyperextension - increase/decrease angle between bones

16. Types of Joint Movements
supination/pronation – palm in anatomical position vs. palm toward back

17. Types of Joint Movements
elevation/depression – raising/lowering

18. Cleidocranial Dysplasia

19. Clinical Application Sprains
damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints
forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
overuse of a joint
Arthritis
inflamed, swollen, painful joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gout

20. Life-Span Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height
Synovial joints lose elasticity
Disuse hampers the blood supply
Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer