1. By: Emily Eng, Haley Fevold, Brittney Hogie
19.7 Life-Span Changes
By: Emily Eng, Haley Fevold, Brittney Hogie

2. Changes with Age:
The accumulation of environmental influences and the effects of aging in other organ systems affect the respiratory system.
Muscles lose strength with age and breathing depends more on the diaphragm.
The vital capacity of the diaphragm reaches its maximum around age 40 and may drop a third by age 70.

3. Changes in the Airways
With age, protection of the lungs and airways start to lose strength
ciliated epithelial cells become fewer in the respiratory tract, and their cilia becomes less active or gone
mucus thickens, reflexes slow, and macrophages lose their efficiency in phagocytizing bacteria.
These changes combined slow the clearance of pathogens from the lungs and respiratory passages, which increases susceptibility respiratory infections.

4. Microscopic changes
24 million alveoli at birth-> 480 million by adulthood
One square foot of respiratory membrane is lost every year after 30
Decreases surface area available for gas exchange
Oxygen transportation through the red blood cells becomes less efficient
The diffusion of CO2 slows down

5. Changes from Environmental influences
A person who has breathed clean air their whole lives will have pinker lungs and are able to exchange gases more efficiently. Air comes in through a pathway called the trachea. Then goes through outlets called bronchioles which bring oxygen into your lungs and expel carbon dioxide.
A person who has breathed polluted air and/or smoked for many years is more likely to develop lung diseases. When a person smokes cigarettes, the chemicals inflame the lungs. Nicotine then paralyzes the cilia then toxic substances can group together. This results in lung congestion and smoker’s cough. The chemicals also break down the elastic walls within the airways. This makes the surface area in the lungs lessen. Then tar begins to fill in the lungs.

7. Noticing the change
People who engage in only light activity are more likely not able to be aware of the slowing of air flow in and out of the respiratory system
People who engage in unaccustomed exercise would quickly reveal how difficult breathing has become with age

8. Chronic Bronchitis
An inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes which then produces a mass of mucus
Cause: Cigarette smoking (which is the main cause), breathing in polluted air, fumes, or dust over a long period of time.
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that continuously comes back and never goes away.
Symptoms include: persistent coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, low fever, and chest tightness.
Treatment: medication called a bronchodilator and/or oxygen may be prescribed.
Airway narrowing
Healthy
Mucus
Inflamed

9. Emphysema The air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged.
Cause: a long-term exposure to airborne irritants and pollutants, such as tobacco smoke, chemical fumes, and manufacturing fumes
Symptoms: emphysema includes a persistent cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Persistent coughing and labored breathing often indicate damage and irritation to the lungs.
Treatment: options of prescribed bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, and antibiotics to help manage the symptoms of emphysema. Treatment for emphysema is dependent on the severity of the emphysema symptoms.

11. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in the U.S. and worldwide.
Cause: for nonsmokers, exposure to radon, secondhand smoke, air pollution, or other factors, but cigarette smoking is the principal risk factor for development of lung cancer.
Symptoms: Coughing, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back shortness of breath
Treatment: involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy as well as newer experimental methods.

17. Analogy Tree- lungs Tree trunk- Trachea Branches- Bronchi
Leaves-Bronchioles
Fall- Symptoms
Snow- Disease
Sun- Treatment