1. Development and Principles of Rocketry
Introduction
Lecture One

2. Early History 9th Century Chinese first used gunpowder motors
to extend the range of arrows
13th Century Mongols bring rocket weapons to the west
Rockets used at siege of Constantinople
William Congreve’s rockets
bombard Copenhagen
in the Napoleonic Wars

3. Early History 1812 - Royal Navy fires Congreve’s rockets
at Fort McHenry.
The USA’s national anthem
refers to the use of rockets.
“And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there”
William Hale
improves accuracy
by using spinning rockets
but rockets remain
less accurate than artillery

4. The 20th Century 20th Century The control and guidance of rockets is
improved by new technologies:
i Liquid and gaseous propellants.
ii Gyroscopic guidance.
i Liquid & gaseous propellants allows
control over the thrust of a rocket.
ii Gyroscopic guidance greatly improves
the accuracy of rockets.

5. The Space Race
Robert Goddard launched first liquid fuelled rocket.
Goddard and his team launched 34 rockets between
1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as 2.6 km (1.6 mi)
and speeds as high as 885 km/h (550 mph).
Chuck Yeager the first man to break sound barrier.
Two nights before the flight, Yeager broke two ribs, but was so
afraid of being removed from the mission that he went to a
veterinarian for treatment. On the day of the flight he was in
such pain that he couldn’t seal the aircraft hatch by himself.
Russia launches the first satellite, Sputnik.
Sputnik 1 transmitted for twenty-one days after reaching orbit
and remained in orbit for ninety-six days. It burned up in the
atmosphere on its 1,400th orbit of Earth.

6. The Space Race 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space.
Gagarin became the first human being to travel into space,
launching to orbit aboard the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1).
After the flight he became a world famous celebrity, touring to
many places including, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada,
Italy and Japan.
President Kennedy commits the US to land
men on the Moon.
He said, “No single space project in this period will be more
impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range
exploration of space;
and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.”

7. The Space Race 1963 - NERVA, the first nuclear thermal engine.
An acronym for Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application,
it demonstrated that nuclear thermal rocket engines were a
feasible and reliable tool for space exploration.
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon.
Armstrong spent about 2½ hours outside the spacecraft, Aldrin
slightly less. A third member of the mission, Michael Collins,
piloted the command spacecraft in lunar orbit until Armstrong
and Aldrin returned to it just under a day later.
America developed the first space shuttle vehicle.
Columbia was the first shuttle orbital, completing 27 missions
before disintegrating during re-entry on February 1st 2003,
resulting in the deaths of all crew members aboard.

8. Founders of Modern Rocketry
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Established the principles for
high powered, multi staged, rockets.
Among his works are designs for rockets with steering thrusters,
multistage boosters, space stations and airlocks.
Robert Esnault-Pelterie
Researched rocket technology.
In 1913 he produced a paper that calculated the energies required
to reach the Moon and nearby planets.
Robert Goddard
Designed the first liquid fuelled rocket.
The rocket rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight
that ended 184 feet away in a cabbage field.

9. Founders of Modern Rocketry
Hermann Oberth
Developed the basic mathematics
of rocket propulsion.
In 1923 he explained mathematically how rockets could achieve
a speed that would allow them to escape Earth’s gravitational pull.
Sergei Korolyov
Designed the R-7 ICBM which was used to launch Sputnik.
He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics.
Wernher von Braun
Designed the first long-range rocket –
the V-2, with a range of 200 miles.
He was also the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle
that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon.
He is credited as being the "Father of Rocket Science“.

10. The Rocket Car The first recorded rocket car was the RAK-1
made by Fritz Opel in 1928
the car achieved
a top speed of 47 mph.
The fastest rocket car was
the Blue Flame
which achieved a speed of
mph at the
Bonneville Salt Flats
on 23 Oct 1970.

11. Rocket Planes The ME 163 was only mass produced rocket plane.
Designed as a rocket powered
fighter aircraft.
It saw service in 1944,
during WWII.
In the 1960’s the X-15 was the
first aircraft to fly into space.
Only three X-15’s were made,
and one was lost in a crash.

12. Rocket planes are used as experimental test vehicles.
In 1947 Chuck Yeager was
the first man to break
the sound barrier in the
rocket propelled Bell X-1
“Spaceship One” was the first
privately made rocket plane.
“Skylon” is being designed in the
UK to offer space flight from
conventional runways.

13. Check of Understanding
Where were rockets first made?
England
USA
China
Russia

14. Check of Understanding
The first nuclear thermal engine was called:
NERVA
SPUTNIK
SKYLON
Spaceship One

15. Check of Understanding
The maximum range of a V2 rocket was. . .
400 miles
300 miles
200 miles
100 miles

16. Check of Understanding
Who built and launched
the first liquid fuelled rocket?
Konstatine Tsiolkovsky
Wernher von Braun
Robert Esnault-Pelterie
Robert Goddard

17. Check of Understanding
Who piloted the first rocket plane
to break the sound barrier?
Chuck Yeager
Neil Armstrong
Fritz Opel
Bert Rutan

18. Check of Understanding
Who designed the Russian
R7 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile?
Yuri Gagarin
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Sergei Korolyov
Wernher von Braun

19. Check of Understanding
Who were the first men to walk on the moon?
Neil Armstrong & Yuri Gagarin
Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin
Robert Goddard & Buzz Aldrin
Wernher von Braun & Neil Armstrong

20. Check of Understanding
Which was the first rocket plane
to fly into space?
X-15
ME-163
RAK-1
Bell X-1

21. Check of Understanding
In which year
did the first liquid fuelled rocket fly?
1936
1916
1926
1946

22. Check of Understanding
Which Englishman developed a rocket
for use in the Napoleonic wars?
Sir William Congreve
William Hale
Sir Isaac Newton
Arthur C Clarke

23. Development and Principles of Rocketry
End of Presentation