1. Drill:
Define Molarity.

2. Objective The student will be able to:
Create a solution in order to calculate its concentration.

3. SAT Enrichment What is the unit used for Molarity? Grams/Liter
Moles/Liter
Moles/Milliliter
Grams/Milliliter

4. Colligative Properties of Solutions
How are they different then pure solutions?

5. Colligative Properties of Solutions
The wood frog is a remarkable creature because it can survive being frozen. Scientists believe that a substance in the cells of this frog acts as a natural antifreeze, which prevents the cells from freezing. You will discover how a solute can change the freezing point of a solution.

6. Colligative Properties of Solutions
A property that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identity, is called a colligative property

7. Colligative Properties of Solutions
Three important colligative properties of solutions are
vapor-pressure lowering
boiling-point elevation
freezing-point depression

8. Vapor-Pressure Lowering
In a pure solvent, equilibrium is established between the liquid and the vapor.
In a solution, solute particles reduce the number of free solvent particles able to escape the liquid. Equilibrium is established at a lower vapor pressure.

9. Vapor-Pressure Lowering
The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure is proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in solution.

10. Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Three moles of sodium chloride dissolved in water produce 6 mol of particles because each formula unit of NaCl dissociates into two ions.
Three moles of glucose dissolved in water produce 3 mol of particles because glucose does not dissociate.

11. Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Three moles of calcium chloride dissolved in water produce 9 mol of particles because each formula unit of CaCl2 dissociates into three ions.

12. Freezing-Point Depression
The difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent is the freezing-point depression.
The magnitude of the freezing-point depression is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent and does not depend upon their identity.

13. Freezing-Point Depression
The freezing-point depression of aqueous solutions makes walks and driveways safer when people sprinkle salt on icy surfaces to make ice melt. The melted ice forms a solution with a lower freezing point than that of pure water.

14. Boiling-Point Elevation
The difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent is the boiling-point elevation.
The same antifreeze added to automobile engines to prevent freeze-ups in winter, protects the engine from boiling over in summer.

15. Boiling-Point Elevation
The magnitude of the boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent.
The boiling point of water increases by 0.512°C for every mole of particles that the solute forms when dissolved in 1000 g of water.

16. Solutions and Colloids
Purpose
To classify mixtures as solutions or colloids using the Tyndall effect.
20 min

17. Calculations Involving Colligative Properties
Cooking instructions often call for the addition of a small amount of salt to the cooking water. Dissolved salt elevates the boiling point of water. You will learn how to calculate the amount the boiling point of the cooking water rises.

18. Molality and Mole Fraction
The unit molality and mole fractions are two additional ways in which chemists express the concentration of a solution.

19. Molality and Mole Fraction
The unit molality (m) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent. Molality is also known as molal concentration.

20. Small-Scale Lab Making Solutions Purpose
To make a solution and use carefully measured data to calculate the solution’s concentration.

21. Summary Did we accomplish the objective? Explain.
Identify the three colligative properties of solutions.
Vapor-pressure lowering
Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression

22. Summary
What factors determine how much the vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of a solution differ from those properties of the pure solvent?
Number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent

23. Summary How do you calculate the molality of a solution?
Identify the hardest thing for you to do when completing Making Solution Labs.

24. Homework
Molality Worksheet