1. Fractures &
Wounds

2. Abrasion Result from scraping off one or several layers of epidermis
usually superficial
Minimal bleeding

3. Laceration
A jagged, irregular, wound caused by a tearing of the epidermis.

4. Puncture When a pointed object is driven deep into the tissue
minimal bleeding
high infection risk

5. Incision
An open wound made by a sharp cutting object (i.e. medical scalpel in surgery) characterized by a straight line cut.

6. Avulsion
A partial tearing away of a body part
warning

7. Calluses
A thickened usually painless area of skin caused by friction or pressure

8. Blisters
A bubble-like collection of fluid beneath or within the epidermis of the skin

9. Blood filled swollen area under the skin – “goose egg”
Hematoma
Blood filled swollen area under the skin – “goose egg”

10. A closed wound that bleeds under the surface of the skin
Contusion
A closed wound that bleeds under the surface of the skin

11. Myositis Ossificans
Bone formation within a muscle as a result of a deep contusion. (6 weeks post injury)

12. Contrecoup
Occurs on the opposite side of the initial injury – usually occurs in the brain when the head hits against an immovable object or surface

13. Soft Tissue Injuries

14. Sprains & Strains

15. Strains
A stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon as a result of excessive force.

16. Strains by degree Strains involve muscle or tendon tissue.
A grade I strain means a tendon has been overstretched.
A grade II strain means a tendon has been partially torn.
A grade III strain means a tendon has been completely ruptured.

17. Sprains
A stretching or tearing of ligaments as a result of excessive force at a joint.

18. Sprains by degree Sprains involve ligament tissue.
A grade I sprain means a ligament has been overstretched.
A grade II sprain means a ligament has been partially torn.
A grade III sprain means a ligament has been completely ruptured.

19. Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon due to repetitive motions or improper mechanics

20. Synovitis
This is a chronic injury to the synovial lining of the joint.
Caused by an injury that was not treated properly or rested.
Most often is the result of a repeated joint injury.

21. Bursitis This is chronic inflammation of a bursa sac.
Bursa sacs are located near joints where soft tissue may rub near a bone.
When the bursa becomes irritated it swells and creates a pocket of swelling at the joint.

22. Fasciitis
Fascia is thick tough connective tissue that surrounds muscles and binds the skin to fat and muscle
When the fascia becomes strained (overuse), it becomes thick, swollen, and painful

23. Dislocations (luxation)
Occurs when a significant force displaces a bone from its joint (luxation)
Includes connective & soft tissue damage

24. Subluxation
When a bone is temporarily displaced from its position (partial dislocation)
Includes connective & soft tissue damage

25. Avulsion
A ligament or tendon pulls a portion of bone away from its attachment due to excessive tension on the attachment

26. Soft Tissue Injury Healing
Stage I: Acute Inflammatory (2 days)
Increased flow of blood to the injured area
Phagocytes
Cells that engulf and eat up dead cells
Leucocytes
Infection fighting white blood cells
Platelets
Blood clotting

27. Soft Tissue Injury Healing
Stage II: Repair
Fibroblasts: fiber building cells begin building fibers across injury
They form the scar – which takes 6 weeks to 3 months

28. Soft Tissue Injury Healing
Stage III: Remolding
Takes up to 1 year
Depends on 3 Things:
Degree of injury
Location of and blood supply to injury
Age of athlete
If blood supply to the area is poor, healing process takes longer. Ex: eye

29. Scar Tissue
This can be a complication of the healing process if more tissue is laid down than what is necessary to repair the wound
Excessive Scar Tissue:
Can delay healing
Can interfere with functions
Sometimes has to be removed

30. Scar Tissue Large Wounds (edges are far apart)
Will take longer to heal
Try to keep wound closed
with stitches/skin closures
Skin Closures:
Butterfly Stitch
Tough piece of material that brings together the edges of a wound and can close a deep wound effectively

31. Bone injuries: fracture types

32. Stress
fatigue-related fracture that occurs as a result of repetitive stress
not always noticeable on x-ray
later x-ray shows healing bone callus

33. Greenstick
indicated by the bone splintering as it is bent commonly as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm

34. Impacted
compression of bone where pieces are embedded into other bone (red arrows indicate direction of force)

35. Longitudinal
runs the length of a long bone as the result of repeated stress or axial force

36. Oblique
indicated by a diagonal fracture line across a bone caused by bending or axial loading

37. Spiral
indicated by a candy-cane striped appearance up the length of a long bone

38. Transverse
travels across a bone as the result of bending or direct impact

39. Comminuted
indicated by a bone being broken into 3 or more pieces commonly from a fall or large force (car accident)

40. Blowout
Occurs around the eye. It is a comminuted fracture to the orbit as the result of a direct impact

41. Salter-Harris (Epiphyseal)
any fracture that occurs at the growth plate in young athletes

42. Compression Occurs in the spine
Happens when opposing forces are applied to a bone from both ends at the same time

43. Depressed
Occurs from a direct impact to the skull
Makes an indent

44. Pathological
Disease process like a tumor weakens bones so that stress causes fracture
Improper nutrition and eat disorders

45. Named after a French surgeon
Lisfranc Injury
Named after a French surgeon
An injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus

46. Skeletal Anatomy Terms

47. Prefix “osteo” refers to bone
Terms
Deformity
Misalignment of a body part
Osteoporosis
Caused in young people by lack of calcium & body’s inability to absorb minerals
Bones are porous & fragile
Prefix “osteo” refers to bone

48. Terms Osteogenesis Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
Process of laying down new bone
Osteocytes
Bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Osteoclasts
Cells involved in bone resorption (“eat” the interior layer of bone & allow new bone growth)

49. Healing Fractures Fracture Failure Point Time Broken bone
Amount of energy required to cause a fracture
Vary by athlete, age & structure
Time
Typically 6-8 weeks to heal a fracture

50. Fracture Healing Process: Stage 1: Acute
Injury occurs
Bone breaks & bleeding occurs
Osteoclasts
“eat” the debris and reabsorb it into body
Osteoblasts
Add new layers to outside of bone
Length
Approximately 4 days

51. Fracture Healing Process: Stage 2: Repair
Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts
Continue with regeneration
Callus (different from callus wound)
Bony splint
Callus Transforms
The fibrous callus transforms into hard callus bone
Length
This begins at the 3rd week and continues for 3 months
6 weeks in a cast is enough to allow participation & protection

52. Fracture Healing Process: Stage 3: Remodeling
This takes several years
Callus is reabsorbed and replaced with a fibrous cord that is formed around the fracture site
If bone is not healing – growth can be stimulated with electrodes

53. Non-union Fracture When a bone never heals
If it occurs in a weight bearing bone (leg) the athlete will never walk
Common non-union fracture of the wrist occurs in Scaphoid Bone
Results in arthritis and inability to move the wrist

54. Internal Fixation
Surgical implementation of implements to repair a bone
Implements can be plates, pins, screws, etc.
Implements will remain in the body unless they become a problem
This surgery could result in additional tissue damage & recovery time
Screws may need to be adjusted as healing occurs or attached to an external structure for additional stabilization outside of the body (external fixation)

55. Internal/External Fixations