1. Antebellum Revivalism & Reform
Chapter Eight

2. 1. The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

3. Second Great Awakening
Religious movement that swept America after 1790
Emphasized individual responsibility for seeking salvation, and insisted people could improve themselves and society
Revival Meetings- emotional meeting designed to AWAKEN religious faith through passionate preaching and prayer
These meetings could last 4 to 5 days.
Mostly took place in the “Burned- over district” because of the religious fires that frequently burned there.

4. “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

5. The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

6. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

7. “soul-shaking” conversion
Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895)
**Describing the revival meetings
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
“soul-shaking” conversion
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8. 2. Transcendentalism
Many individuals wanted an alternative to traditional religion and turned to TRANSCENDENTALISM
This is a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination.

9. Transcendentalist Thinking
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

10. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.

11. Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)
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12. Henry David Thoreau
Put self-reliance to the test. Thoreau moved out of the city into a cabin in the woods. He lived alone there for two years.
Urged people to not obey laws they considered unjust
This form of protest is called CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

13. 3. Utopian Communities
These reforms inspired the establishment of “UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES” or experimental groups who tried to create a perfect place.

14. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers
*Followed the teachings of Mother Ann Lee
*Shared their goods with everyone, believed men and women were equal and refused to fight with one another for any reason
*When a person became a Shaker they vowed to not marry or have children (believed this caused stress and would lead to fights)
*Depended on converts and adoption to keep community going. Still around in the 1990’s.
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15. Shaker Meeting

16. Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

17. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

18. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA
George Ripley ( )
Prepare a society of liberal, intelligent person who could have a more wholesome and simple life away from the pressures of our competitive institutions
Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

19. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

20. New Harmony, IN
Even though the main goal of self-sufficiency was the same in these Utopian communities, most did not last more than a few years.

21. 4. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
*Fought to have the mentally ill separated from general prison population
Between Dix persuaded nine Southern states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill.
*Emphasized Rehabilitation, or treatment to help prisoners so they could eventually return to society.
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22. Dorothea Dix Asylum

23. 5. Educational Reform
Before the mid 1800’s, no uniform educational policy existed in the United States (most students left school before the age of 10!)
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

24. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs and built a nation wide curriculum (guidebook on what to teach)
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25. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
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26. Abolition- the Call to OUTLAW slavery
6. Abolitionist Movement
Abolition- the Call to OUTLAW slavery
Same antislavery societies wanted African Americans to “resettle” back in Africa
While others considered America their home and just wanted to be treated EQUAL!
British Colonization Society symbol

27. Abolitionist Movement
*1820s: Abolitionist movement to free African Americans from slavery arose
*Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd Garrison
*Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of all slaves
Gradualists
Immediatists

28. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

29. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Most Radical White Abolitionist.
Started own paper called The Liberator to deliver the message of:
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation for slaveholders.
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
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30. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
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31. Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party.
Ran for President in & 1844.
Arthur Tappan

32. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites. Called
For Violence!!!

33. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
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34. Frederick Douglass Cont.
Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery by borrowing a free black sailors identity and carrying his papers. He became an abolitionist (critic of slavery)
He began an anti-slavery newspaper called, Northstar – named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom
Realized EDUCATION was the key to freedom “Pathway from slavery to freedom”

35. Nat Turner’s Rebellion
The vast majority of African-Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation
Some rebelled against their condition
Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner
Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed
Resulted in stricter laws for slaves in the South (Whites were afraid of another rebellion!)

36. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826.
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
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37. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”

38. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

39. The Underground Railroad

40. The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

41. 7. Women’s Rights “Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. Housework and childcare were the only activities deemed “Proper”
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

42. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

43. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

44. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Despite such limits, women still participated in reform movements such as abolition, temperance, healthcare, education and equal rights for themselves!
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

45. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
American Women’s Suffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
Southern Abolitionists
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46. Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! (effort to prohibit drinking)
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
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47. Annual Consumption of Alcohol
Alcohol flowed freely in America by the early 19th Century. Many recognized this as a serious problem that brought MORE problems with it such as prostitution, gambling, losing all your money, and laziness!

48. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

49. Seneca Falls:
In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott decided to hold a women’s rights convention.
Became known as The Seneca Falls Convention
Created a statement of grievances called “The Declaration of Sentiments” that was modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
Nearly 300 men and women gathered to start the strong fight for women’s rights!

50. Seneca Falls Declaration

51. Women and Reform Summary
Reform movements of the 19th century spurred the development of a Women’s movement
For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had both been ardent abolitionists
In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a Women’s Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.
From abolition to education, women worked actively in all reform movements
Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to become educated increased
1833: Oberlin College became first coed institution

52. 8. The Changing Workplace
The opening up of new Textile (fabric) mills in the North caused a movement from the home to the industry
Many left the farms to work in the factory
Many unmarried young girls sent to work to help support the family
Lowell Mills- Work from 5am to 7pm with little rest and light food
Immigration and strikes caused labor unions to form to help workers get better pay and better working conditions