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China 17th-19th Centuries
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Ming Dynasty Yonglo Exploration Zheng He Capital=Beijing
1433-isolation begins 1644 Dynasty collapses Economic and cultural reasons for halt to ocean travel—too costly and fear of tainting ancient traditions with outside culture and ideas
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Political Changes Dynastic Changes Kangxi—1661-1721 Limited trade
Ming to Qing Kangxi— Manchu Reduced government expenses Lowered taxes Scholar and patron of arts Intellectuals given government jobs Jesuits at court Knowledge of science, medicine, technology Limited trade Tea, silk, and porcelain Dutch Korea Increased nationalism with Qing takeover
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Social Changes Prior to 1700 Feudal system Harsh life for peasants
Large families to work farms Limited population growth Disease War Lack of nutrition Lack of medical care After 1700 Better irrigation and use of fertilizer=increased food Age of Exploration Variety of food=increased population Sons favored over daughters Female infanticide Sons and their families lived with his parents Women still Worked fields Supervised children’s education Handled finances
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Population Growth Population increased outstripped land capacity to feed people Population tripled while land cultivated only doubled Government failed to provide adequate services to the increasing population Opportunities for government employment declined Did not increase exam system Did not increase government positions Generations of well educated left unemployed and with no outlet for skills
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Feudalism : Japan and Europe
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Feudalism Political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.
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Japan--Europe Emperor Shogun King Daimyo Daimyo Lords Knights
Samurai Samurai Samurai Samurai King Lords Knights Daimyo=warrior chieftains
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Japanese Feudalism lasted over 600 years from the 12th to the 19th centuries.
How long did European feudalism last? From the 6th to the 14th centuries.
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Tokugawa Shogunate Oda Nobunaga 1534-1582 Daimyo
Seized capital at Kyoto 1568 “Rule the Empire by force” Used firearms to gain victory Committed seppuku ‘ritual suicide’ when one of his generals, Hideyoshi turned on him
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Tokugawa Ieyasu Earned loyalty of all daimyo
Sole ruler or Shogun by 1600 Moved capital to Edo Strong centralized government Daimyos Still ruled at local level Required to spend time at the capital every other year— WHY? Tokugawa Shogunate ruled until 1867 Daimyo still governed at local level Required to spend every other year in order to keep them from rebelling Had to leave families behind in Edo
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Tokugawa Rule Order restored Prosperity Isolation
Farm production increased=population increase Majority of peasants heavily taxed Lives miserable Many left for the cities Merchant class and wealthy prospered Flowering of Japanese culture Structured society Emperor figurehead Haiku Shift from rural to urban society Increased employment opportunities for women
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Religion- Japan Buddhism Zen Buddhism
no longer reserved for the scholars and monks Popular among ordinary people Zen Buddhism emphasized personal enlightenment through discipline and meditation Tea Ceremony Architectural influence Gardens used for meditation within temples
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Religion- Europe Catholicism influences all aspects of life
Focus on the afterlife not the harsh life in this world Great Cathedrals
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Christian Missionaries
1549 introduced by missionaries Shogun feared religious uprisings Shogun bans Christianity 1637 uprising by peasants Christianity eliminated Closed country policy adopted-1639 Nagasaki only port open Dutch and Chinese Japanese forbidden to leave
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Osaka Castle after WWII
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Toyokuni Shrine (Kyoto), dedicated to Hideyoshi
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Chartes
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Windsor Castle
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Similarities Use of horses and heavy armor Controlled peasant class
Rituals and institutions Militaristic Chivalry/Bushido Castles Inhibited development of strong central government Rigid class distinctions Alliances of mutual protection between monarchs and nobles Land in exchange for loyalty and military aid
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Differences Japan Western Europe
Relied more on group or individual loyalty not contractual agreements Same throughout Japan Sword and bow and arrow Centralized under the Tokugawa Constant warfare followed by several centuries of peace Western Europe Emphasized feudal loyalty with negotiated contracts, in which the parties each gained advantages Took different forms in different areas of Europe Sword and lance Decentralized Constant warfare
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