1. Learning:
Operant Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Law of Effect
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

3. Operant Conditioning _______________(1904-1990)
elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology

4. Operant Chamber _____________
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses

5. Operant Conditioning ________ __________
any event that ___________ the behavior it follows
__________
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward _________________________ of a desired goal

6. Punishment ____________
aversive event that __________ the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior

7. Punishment

8. Operant Conditioning
Big Bang Theory

9. The Garcia effect
People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

10. Shaping
A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

11. Principles of Reinforcement
_________ Reinforcer
__________ reinforcing stimulus
i.e., satisfies a biological need
Ex: Food, Sleep, Air, Water, Sex
___________ aka Conditioned Reinforcer
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its ____________ with primary reinforcer
Ex/ Money, Cars, Grades, Clicker training even…

12. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response _________ it occurs
Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only ______________
results in slower acquisition
greater resistance to extinction

13. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
faster you respond the more rewards you get
different ratios
very high rate of responding
like piecework pay

14. Schedules of Reinforcement
__________ Ratio (VR)
reinforces a response after an ___________ number of responses
average ratios
like gambling, fishing
______________________ because of unpredictability

15. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI)
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

16. Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI)
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
produces slow steady responding
like pop quiz

17. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learning
learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

18. Latent Learning

19. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

20. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for __________________________
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to _____________________________

21. Operant vs Classical Conditioning

22. Observational Learning
learning by _______________
Modeling
process of _________ and __________ a specific behavior
Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
_________ of _________ behavior

23. Observational Learning
________________
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

24. What is Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura: Bobo doll. We learn by observing the behavior of others and from imagining the consequences of our own behavior.

25. Social Learning Theory Cont.
Modeling: we imitate people who we
__________
Identify with
View as __________
________ Reinforcement and Punishment

26. Bobo Doll Experiment
Albert Bandura allowed children to watch an adult play with a bobo doll.
The experimental group watched a video of an adult playing violently with the doll
The control group watched a boring video.
The experimental group children imitated the violent behavior.