1. The Atlantic World,

2. I. Colonizing the Americas
Began in 1492 – Columbus sets sail in search of route to India
Never reached India, “discovered” Americas for Spain, opened “New World” to Europe
Spain first to began turning lands of Central and South America into colonies:
Lands that are controlled by another nation
Explorers that helped lead the way
Pedro Alvares Cabral – claimed land that becomes Brazil for Portuguese
Ferdinand Magellan – sailed south around South America, sailed west through Pacific Ocean
First voyage to circumnavigate the globe

3. I. Continued… Conquistadors Settling In
Superior weapons, diseases from Old World (small pox, measles, typhus) gave advantage
Hernando Cortes – defeated Aztecs in 1521
Francisco Pizarro – conquered Inca Empire in 1532
Francisco de Coronado – headed north to present- day United States in search of gold
Settling In
Spanish imposed their culture onto native populations as permanent settlements were created
Forced conversion to Catholicism, loss of languages/traditional customs, introduction of feudal-like social/economic system
System of encomiendas enforced – natives were forced to work for Spanish landholders – endured harsh conditions, abuse
Large mestizo population develops – Spanish + native American

4. I. Continued…
Spain becomes richest, most powerful nation in 16th century
Increased its wealth and military, increased territorial holdings into North America
Catholic priests became leaders in colonizing and converting in North America
Many, however, pushed for better treatment of native peoples
Encomienda system abolished in 1542
Native rebellions
Starting as early as Columbus’ arrival, natives attempted to resist conquest and colonization
Example: 1680 – Pueblo Indians organized a rebellion that pushed the Spanish out of southwest U.S. for 12 years

5. II. Settlement of North America
England, France, and the Netherlands began competing with Spain for power in North America
France set up in modern-day Canada, known then as New France
Began moving south – by early 1700s, claimed what is now midwestern U.S., all the way to Louisiana
England’s first colony was founded in – Jamestown, Virginia
Opened the door to more settlers, stayed mostly in east
The Dutch establish New Netherland, profiting from the fur trade
Was slow to attract settlers, eventually lost territory to England

6. II. Continued…
Series of battles between European powers dominated the 17th and 18th centuries
1664 – English drive out Dutch (surrendered without firing a shot)
1754 – French and Indian War began
Was a part of a larger world conflict called the Seven Years’ War
French were defeated in 1763, England claimed all their territory in N. America
Native Americans suffered more from disease than from warfare
Europeans brought “Old World” diseases, like measles and small pox, that natives had no built-in resistance to
Millions died of epidemics throughout the Americas

7. Exit Ticket Answer the following questions using complete sentences:
What gave the Spanish conquistadors an advantage over the native Americans?
How did life for many native Americans change after the creation of permanent settlements by the Spanish?
Who were the four main European powers in competition for North America?

8. III. Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery had already existed in Africa for centuries
Slavery among African societies common, represented wealth
Slaves had some rights, even held positions of authority
Arab merchants traded slaves to Asia beginning in 8th century
As Native American population declined, the need for other sources of labor increased in the Americas
Portuguese and Spanish first to engage in African slave trade
Between 16th and 19th centuries, more than 12 million Africans shipped to Americas
Estimated 10-20% died along the way (probably much higher)
Middle Passage – name of slave voyage to Americas
Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions
Often led to death, suicide, rebellions
Mostly men were shipped (tipped balance of African population)
Local African rulers worked with Europeans for trade of slaves/goods

9. III. Continued…
Directly linked to plantation and mining economies of Americas
Triangular trade – slaves to America,| raw materials to Europe, European goods to Africa, cycle repeats itself
Impact of the Slave Trade
Population shift in favor of women in many areas
Conflicts between African societies increased – competition for European goods
Economies of American colonies may not have survived without the work of the slaves
Cultural blending – mix of African culture with that of the Americas/Europe – especially religions (Ex: vodun in Haiti)

10. III. Continued… Slave resistance and rebellion End of Slave Trade
Kept cultural heritage alive as a way of resisting
Worked slowly, broke tools, ran away
Open revolts occurred throughout Americas
Examples: Haitian independence movement, Nat Turner in U.S.
End of Slave Trade
Abolition of the slave trade came from a variety of reasons:
Enlightenment thinking
Christian revivalism/humanitarianism
Industrial Revolution – less emphasis on agriculture labor
Slave trade less important/profitable than trade of other goods

11. EXIT TICKET Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
Why did the Europeans turn to Africa as a source of cheap labor?
What is the Triangular Trade?
Explain two ways in which the slave trade impacted societies.
Provide two reasons that led to the end of the slave trade.

12. IV. Global Economy
Colonization of Americas created more opportunities for trade and commerce
A truly global economy emerged as goods (and people) are shipped worldwide
Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants, animals during colonization of the Americas
Agricultural products found in New World made their way to the Old World for first time, and vice versa
Ex: corn, potatoes, tomatoes to O.W.; horses, sugar, and rice to N.W.
Played huge role in boosting world population
Diseases also part of exchange (mainly to the Americas)

13. IV. Continued… Global Economic Revolution
Global trade created new economic systems and focus on wealth in growing nations
Mercantilism – belief that a country’s power depended on its wealth
Goal was to obtain as much wealth as possible
Wealth was obtained through export/trade of goods
Colonies became important for nations to become self-sufficient and grow wealthy (access to raw materials, labor)
Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit
Individuals, not just governments and kings, became very wealthy and powerful through trade

14. EXIT TICKET Answer the following questions using COMPLETE SENTENCES:
Provide two reasons that led to the end of the slave trade.
Describe the Columbian Exchange. Name one item that went to the New World and one item that went to the Old World.
What is mercantilism?
What is capitalism?