1. Metabolism -- ~P Regulation1

2. The Krebs Cycle Take Home: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Rate is very dependent on the ratio of oxidized to reduced coenzyme
Feed ins -- 2 C frags.. from carbohydrate and fat metabolism;
Amino acid frags in other places

3. Energy Schematic of the ETS
Take Home
In inner membrane
Will maintain a favorable steady-state ratio of oxidized to reduced coenzyme if sufficient O2 is present to accept each electron produced in the Krebs and other reactions.

4. Mitochondrial Overall Energy Schematic

5. Glycolysis Energy Schematic

6. Aerobic Glycolysis Overview

7. What Are the Means Used to Estimate Steady-State Metabolism?

8. Energetics of Aerobic Glycolysis
The overall reaction (path does not matter):
A distinct stoichiometry exists between all members of this process.
Standard free energy change -- note again that is essentially a measure of how much work is done in going from standard to equilibrium conditions or vice versa
This means that if we know carbohydrate is the fuel, then if we measure the change in one component of this reaction, we know the changes in all others.

9. How About Lipid?
Once again, if we know that lipid (palmitic acid) is the fuel, we can measure one factor in the reaction and find all the others.
Standard free energy change -- note again that is essentially a measure of how much work is done in going from standard to equilibrium conditions or vice versa

10. How do we know the fuel being used?
You cannot tell simply from what the animal eats.
There is a certain ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption exists for different fuels. For carbs:
Ratio is 1:1

11. The Ratio is Different In Palmitic Acid
16/23 = 0.7

12. The Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

13. How the Table Values For Energy Equivalence Were Obtained – An example

14. Problem
Suppose the following:
What is the metabolic power (P)?

15. What Happens in Non-Steady-States?

16. Phosphagen Cycle -- Phosphagen Buffer During High Demand
This process is controlled by the amount of enzyme present (CK) and thermodynamically (amts. of reactants/products)

17. Replenishment of Phosphagen

18. Anaerobic Metabolism & Reactions that Maintain Redox

19. Efficiency of Anaerobic Metabolism

20. Review: Control of Metabolism
[ATP] regulation is a problem given that demand can, especially in muscles, increase dramatically in a short period of time.
The concept of pathway flux (overall rate -- mols/(product time)
Equibrial and non-equilibrial reactions and control of flux
PFK and glycogen phosphorylase as examples of non-equilibrial reactions.
Inhibition and de-inhibition; activation.

21. Association/Dissociation Constants as Physiological Organizers
The concept of Kd
What should be the relative values of Kd for AMP and ATP on the regulatory sites of PFK?
Where should the Kd for AMP and ATP be compared to normal “resting” concentrations of these substances?