1. Chemistry In Biology
Unit 2
Chapter 6

2. Goals

3. Identify
The particles that make up atoms

4. Diagram
The particles that make up an atom

5. Compare
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds

7. 6.1

8. Atoms, Elements and Compounds

9. Atoms The building blocks of matter
Matter is anything that takes up space
Chemistry is the study of matter

10. Structure of atoms
Nucleus
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons

11. Structure of atoms
Nucleus
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons

12. Structure of atoms
Nucleus
Protons (p+)
Electrons (e-)
Neutrons (n0)

13. Atoms Electrons are constantly moving around in orbits
Structure based on attraction of protons and electrons
Overall charge is zero

14. Elements
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
Not physically nor chemically
Made up of one type of atom

15. Elements Over 100, 92 occur naturally
Each has a unique name and symbol
97 is important to me

16. Periodic Table Elements are in blocks Periods and groups
Similar chemical or physical properties
Organic material H,C,O,N
Earth’s crust O, Ca+Mg, Na+K, Si

17. Isotopes Atom with a different number of neutrons
Same chemical properties

18. Radioactive Isotopes When a nucleus breaks apart Gives off radiation
Carbon-14 is found in all living things

19. Compounds
A pure substance
Two or more elements combine

20. Compounds A pure substance Two or more elements combine
Chemical formula

21. H2O

22. H2O

23. C8H10N4O2

24. C8H10N4O2

25. C6H12O6

26. C6H12O6

27. C6H12O6

28. Compounds
Can not be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means
Can chemically

29. Chemical Bonds
Force that holds substances together

30. Covalent Bonds Share an electron Both benefit H2O
Molecule is a compound where atoms are held by covalent bonds

31. H2O

32. Ionic Bonds Ion – has given up or taken an electron to become stable
Attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms
Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and carbonate ions

33. Van der Waals Force The strength of the attraction depends on
The size of the molecule
The shape of the molecule
The ability to attract

34. What happens to chrome near the beach? Or metal over time?

36. 6.2

37. Chemical Reactions
Rxn

38. Chemical Reactions Grow, reproduce, and adapt
Process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances
Bonds are broken
Bonds are formed

39. Chemical Reaction has occurred?
Shiny – dull
Metal – orange
Heat
Light
Formation of a gas, liquid or solid

40. Chemical formula Reactants and products
C6H12O6 + O > CO2 + H2O
Must balance equation!!!!!

41. Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products
A candle

42. Enzymes
Special proteins
Biological catalysts
Doesn’t get used up

43. Catalyst
Something that lowers the activation energy to start a reaction

44. Substrate
Reactant that binds to the enzyme

45. Activation Site
Specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme

46. What causes tomatoes to ripen slowly in the fridge?

47. 6.3

48. Water and Solutions Water’s polarity
Polar molecules – have an unequal distribution of charges
Hydrogen bond – weak bond = strong van der Waal’s

49. Polarity Differential distribution
Tendency to develop form opposite poles
Unevenly distributed

50. Water

51. Mixtures with water
Mixture – combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual characteristics
Solution – homogeneous equal throughout
Solvent – solution solute dissolved in
Solute – is dissolved

52. Acid Substance that releases hydrogen ion when dissolved in water
The more H+ released the stronger the Acid

53. Base Substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
The more OH- the stronger the base
NaOH

54. pH Measurement of concentration of H+ Neutral has pH of 7.0 Low acid
High base

55. Buffers
Mixture that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range
Cell buffers pH 6.5 to7.5
Blood buffers pH 7.4

57. 6.4

58. Building Blocks of Life
Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules

59. Carbon
Most biological molecules have as a component

60. Organic Chemistry
Study of organic compounds

61. Macromolecules Large molecule
Smaller organic molecules joined together

62. Polymers Repeating units of identical compounds
Linked by covalent bonds

63. Carbohydrates Store energy Provide structural support One oxygen
Two hydrogen
For each carbon

64. Carbohydrates
Grain
Pasta, rice, bread,starches

65. Lipids
Store energy
Provide barriers

66. Lipids
Fats

67. Proteins
Transport
Speed up Rxn
Structural support
Make hormones

68. Proteins
Meat
Beans

69. Nucleic Acids
Store and communicate genetic information

70. Nucleic Acids
DNA