1. Philosophy
Logic
Lesson 1

2. LOGIC Is there anything more important than thinking about thinking?
Thinking has been a focal point/cornerstone for philosophical thought

3. Thinking about Thinking
Thinking is central to philosophy
Thinking is a process
Thinking is a skill that can be developed
Emotions can influence thinking (fear, love, etc…)
Other influences can affect thinking – stereotype, sexism, racism, etc…

4. Socrates
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
Aristotle
Defined logic and deductive thinking
Descartes
Put thinking on a metaphysical pedestal with “I think therefore I am”

5. Reasoning: The act of coming to a conclusion based on facts
Proof: Anything that can be used to show that something is true or correct
Thinking: The act of using the mind to reason
Inference: A conclusion or opinion arrived at logically from a sequence of events

6. Logic Defined
Opinions: Judgments or beliefs formed without certain evidence
Not all have equal weight (judges, lawyers, doctors)
Grounds: Support for opinions
Argument: A series of related statements leading to a conclusion

7. Factual/Value Judgments
Factual statement:
Either true or false and can be determined by empirical means
Value judgments:
Normative statements about what should or should not be done.
Not “true” or “false”; “right” or “wrong”