1. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Stone Age:
30,000 year old cave paintings show simple anatomy of humans and other animals
interest in body

3. Classical Period: 5th century BC Greece 1st recorded study of anatomy
Most cultures had strong religious restrictions on study of the human body (Chinese, Egyptians, Hindus, etc…)
Early study concerned with treating illnesses and injuries

4. Classical Period Cont…..
Hippocrates ( BC) “Father of Medicine”
oath that medical school graduates take named for him (Hippocratic Oath)
Aristotle ( BC) – animal dissections
Errors in his theories such as he believed the blood vessels only contained air
Herophilus ( BC) & Erasistratus ( BC)
1st recorded human dissections
Galen (2nd century AD) – organized books of Greek medical discoveries – only ones that survived the Dark Ages.

5. Dark Ages: AD
Severe illness blamed on the Devil or divine retribution for sin thus cure was obedience to God
Often turned to herbalists
Physicians used leeches, ground coral, roasted mice & bats blood

6. Middle Ages: 5th -16th century Renaissance: 14th-17th century
Renewal in interest of human body and medicine
Leonardo da Vinci ( ) – anatomical drawings
Andreas Vesalius ( ) – published text with drawings from dissections – “Father of Anatomy”

7. Until the Anatomy Act of 1832 the only legal means of obtaining a cadaver for dissection was condemned criminals
Before this time Body –snatchers (also called resurrectionists) often used to help supply cadavers for medical students
(Burk and Hare story)
18th & 19th century

8. Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human

9. Levels of Organization

10. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
Structure is always related to function

11. Clinical Application Medical Imaging
Noninvasive procedures
Provide images of soft internal structures
Ultrasonography
Use of high-frequency sound waves
Relatively quick and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Requires injection of dye
Produces computerized images from different angles

12. Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

13. Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
All together these events are considered meabolism.

14. Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on five environmental factors
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

15. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

16. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (Gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

17. Homeostasis
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Receptors - provide information about stimuli
Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)
Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

18. Homeostatic Mechanisms

19. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback System – drives conditions back toward the normal
Positive Feedback System – drives conditions away from the normal

20. Body Cavities

22. Body Membranes
Mucous membrane - Lines tubes and body cavities that open to the outside of the body
Serous membrane – Lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

23. Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Plura = lungs
Pericardium = heart
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

24. Serous Membranes

25. Serous Membranes

26. Body Coverings Skin, hair, nails, oil & sweat glands Protection
Regulate body temp.
Vitamin D synthesis

27. Support & Movement Muscular Skeletal Movement Heat Support Protection
Blood cell production

28. Integration & Coordination
Endocrine – glands
Uses chemical messages called hormones for communication
Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sense organs
Uses electrical impulses for comunication

29. Transport Cardiovascular Lymphatic
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, & blood
Transports nutrients, waste products, & hormones
Lymphatic
Lymph vessels, fluid, & nodes
Thymus & spleen also
Part of immune system

30. Absorption & Excretion
Digestive
Breaking down and absorption of nutrients
Respiratory
Exchange of blood gases
Urinary
Removal of metabolic waste

31. Reproduction
Reproductive
Production of new offspring

32. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Peripheral
Deep

33. Body Sections Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal
Transverse or Horizontal
Coronal or Frontal
Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal

34. Body Sections

35. Body Sections

36. Body Sections

37. Abdominal Subdivisions

38. Body Regions