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3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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Which type of bond is associated with molecules that are soluble in water?
ionic bond polar covalent bond nonpolar covalent bond hydrophobic interaction double bonds Answer: B. Polar covalent bonds provide strong organic molecules, which can still interact with the water that composes the bulk of living things—please see Concept 3.1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which type of bond is associated with molecules that are soluble in water?
ionic bond polar covalent bond nonpolar covalent bond hydrophobic interaction double bonds © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
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What is true for double bonds?
Cis double bonds are found in nature and are associated with cardiovascular health. Trans double bonds are made artificially in food processing and are associated with poor cardiovascular health. Double bonds are stronger than single bonds. Double bonds put kinks into molecules. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and are associated with good cardiovascular health. Answer: E. Saturated fat in the diet, in excess, is associated with heart disease, but unsaturated fats promote good heart health. Please see Concept 3.1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
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What is true for double bonds?
Cis double bonds are found in nature and are associated with cardiovascular health. Trans double bonds are made artificially in food processing and are associated with poor cardiovascular health. Double bonds are stronger than single bonds. Double bonds put kinks into molecules. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and are associated with good cardiovascular health. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
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Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?
cellulose chitin amylose amylopectin glycogen Answer: E. Glycogen is the storage polymer used in animals’ muscles. This question is aimed at Concept 3.3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
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Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?
cellulose chitin amylose amylopectin glycogen © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
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All lipids are made from glycerol and fatty acids. contain nitrogen.
have low energy content. are acidic when mixed with water. are not very water soluble. Answer: E. Lipids include both those with glycerol in their structure and other hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 8
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All lipids are made from glycerol and fatty acids. contain nitrogen.
have low energy content. are acidic when mixed with water. are not very water soluble. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 9
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Where in the structure of a protein would you most likely expect to find glutamic acid?
on the exterior surface of the protein in the interior of the protein, away from water at the active site, binding oxygen at the heme-binding site at a site where hemoglobin binds to a negatively charged protein Answer: A. From Concept 2.5, glutamic acid is hydrophilic and so should be on the outside of a protein where it can interact with water. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
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Where in the structure of a protein would you most likely expect to find glutamic acid?
on the exterior surface of the protein in the interior of the protein, away from water at the active site, binding oxygen at the heme-binding site at a site where hemoglobin binds to a negatively charged protein © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
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Which is not a function of proteins?
help make up membranes carry the code for translation from the nucleus to the ribosome bind to hormones (hormone receptor) can be hormones speed chemical reactions Answer: B. Proteins, though once though to be the genetic molecule, are now known to be a product of gene sequences. Please see Concept 3.5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 12
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Which is not a function of proteins?
help make up membranes carry the code for translation from the nucleus to the ribosome bind to hormones (hormone receptor) can be hormones speed chemical reactions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does not. DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil. DNA contains five bases; RNA contains four. all of the above Answer: C. DNA contains the letters AGCT while RNA contains AGCU. Discuss how U and T are very similar structurally and make the same hydrogen bonds with A. Please see Concept 3.6. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 14
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does not. DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil. DNA contains five bases; RNA contains four. all of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
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What is incorrect about the following statement
What is incorrect about the following statement? “The tRNA sequence reads ATGCCATGG….” tRNA is made of amino acids. tRNA has U in place of T. tRNA is not linear. A and C None of the choices is correct. Answer: B. All kinds of RNA use U in place of T. Please see Concept 3.6. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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What is incorrect about the following statement
What is incorrect about the following statement? “The tRNA sequence reads ATGCCATGG….” tRNA is made of amino acids. tRNA has U in place of T. tRNA is not linear. A and C None of the choices is correct. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you located a single-stranded piece of nucleic acid in a cell, what would it be made of?
nucleotides amino acids fatty acids sugars glycerol Answer: A. Both RNA and DNA are made of nucleotides strung together in a chain. Discuss the basic form of a nucleotide from Concept 3.6. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you located a single-stranded piece of nucleic acid in a cell, what would it be made of?
nucleotides amino acids fatty acids sugars glycerol © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were given a sample of a polysaccharide and told that the only subunit was glucose, what would you have? glycogen starch cellulose amylopectin You cannot know from the information given. Answer: E. Glucose is the subunit for all of the polysaccharides listed. Please see Concept 3.3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were given a sample of a polysaccharide and told that the only subunit was glucose, what would you have? glycogen starch cellulose amylopectin You cannot know from the information given. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which sugar is most important for making RNA?
glucose ribose frostose glyceraldehyde sucrose Answer: B. Ribose is part of the immediate structure of DNA, though other sugars might be broken down to power the process of RNA synthesis. Please see Concepts 3.3 and 3.6. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which sugar is most important for making RNA?
glucose ribose frostose glyceraldehyde sucrose © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is not a lipid? estrogen cholesterol glucose triacylglyceride
trans fat Answer: C. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Even the unnatural trans fat is a lipid. Please see Concept 3.4. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is not a lipid? estrogen cholesterol glucose triacylglyceride
trans fat © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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For which of the following could genomics be used?
studying disease conservation work predicting future medical problems evolutionary studies all of the above Answer: E. Genomics can be used in any instance where genes affect living things. Discuss several practical examples such as prediction of inherited disease. Please see Concept 3.7. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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For which of the following could genomics be used?
studying disease conservation work predicting future medical problems evolutionary studies all of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If a friend was planning to use proteomics to examine the expression of one gene, what might your response be? “Proteomics usually looks at many proteins at once.” “Proteomics depends on DNA data, too.” “Proteomics is only theoretical.” None of the answers is appropriate. Answer: A. As discussed in Concept 3.7, proteomics looks at large sets of proteins. Discuss how these genes would be related. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If a friend was planning to use proteomics to examine the expression of one gene, what might your response be? “Proteomics usually looks at many proteins at once.” “Proteomics depends on DNA data, too.” “Proteomics is only theoretical.” None of the answers is appropriate. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which provides the most compact energy storage?
proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids All provide about the same amount of energy stored per unit volume. Answer: C. As discussed in Concepts 3.3–3.6, lipids pack the greatest amount of energy per unit of weight or of volume. Discuss issues like fatty foods being deceptively small and what reserve macromolecule makes the most sense for different organisms. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which provides the most compact energy storage?
proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids All provide about the same amount of energy stored per unit volume. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were designing a molecule to be highly acidic, which functional group would you be sure to include in its sequence? hydroxyl amino carboxyl carbonyl none of the above Answer: C. As discussed in Concept 3.1, the carboxyl group is an acid. Discuss where it is found in macromolecules. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were designing a molecule to be highly acidic, which functional group would you be sure to include in its sequence? hydroxyl amino carboxyl carbonyl none of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were going to be shown the structure of glycine, what functional group(s) would you expect to see? hydroxyl and amino amino and carbonyl carboxyl and amino carbonyl and hydroxyl carbonyl and sulfhydryl Answer: C. As discussed in Concept 3.1, amino acids are called that because they contain both amino groups and carboxylic acid groups. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were going to be shown the structure of glycine, what functional group(s) would you expect to see? hydroxyl and amino amino and carbonyl carboxyl and amino carbonyl and hydroxyl carbonyl and sulfhydryl © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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What functional group is most critical to energy metabolism in the cell?
hydroxyl amino carboxyl phosphate carbonyl Answer: D. As discussed in Concept 3.1, phosphate groups make up the part of the main energy currency of the cell, ATP, where energy is stored. Discuss uses of ATP in cells. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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What functional group is most critical to energy metabolism in the cell?
hydroxyl amino carboxyl phosphate carbonyl © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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For what is water most needed when digesting food?
dehydration reactions temperature reduction solubility hydrolysis reactions none of the above Answer: D. As discussed in Concept 3.2, breakdown of macromolecules occurs by the addition of water to bonds, releasing subunit molecules. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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For what is water most needed when digesting food?
dehydration reactions temperature reduction solubility hydrolysis reactions none of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is not a general kind of macromolecule?
protein cholesterol nucleic acid lipid carbohydrate Answer: B. As discussed in Concept 3.2, there are four major macromolecules in living things. Discuss which ones are found most in which foods. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is not a general kind of macromolecule?
protein cholesterol nucleic acid lipid carbohydrate © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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When observing the synthesis of a biological macromolecule, of what should you see more appear?
water amino acids alcohol ions fatty acids Answer: A. As discussed in Concept 3.2, water is removed as each subunit is added to a growing macromolecule, producing water. Discuss when this is most important in a living organism. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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When observing the synthesis of a biological macromolecule, of what should you see more appear?
water amino acids alcohol ions fatty acids © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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From what are polysaccharides made?
monosaccharides glucose disaccharides sucrose none of the above Answer: A. Please see Concept 3.3. Monosaccharides are linked together by dehydration reactions. Glucose is the subunit of several important polysaccharides but not all polysaccharides. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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From what are polysaccharides made?
monosaccharides glucose disaccharides sucrose none of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were asked to chose a lipid subunit, which would it be?
fatty acid steroid cholesterol unsaturated side chain none of the above Answer: A. Please see Concept 3.4. A fatty acid is the most general choice on the list. While some lipid subunits are unsaturated, not all are. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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If you were asked to chose a lipid subunit, which would it be?
fatty acid steroid cholesterol unsaturated side chain none of the above © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is the least metabolically active kind of protein?
receptor protein contractile protein enzymatic protein hormonal protein structural protein Answer: E. Please see Concept 3.5. Structural proteins are present in an organism to provide shape and support, not to perform any function in metabolism. Discuss examples of the role of each kind of protein. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which is the least metabolically active kind of protein?
receptor protein contractile protein enzymatic protein hormonal protein structural protein © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which level of protein structure is most immediately encoded in DNA?
primary secondary tertiary quaternary There is no difference between the four answers. Answer: A. Please see Concepts 3.5 and 3.6. Gene sequences contain three-letter codons, which tell which amino acids go into the primary structure of a protein. Discuss how changing the primary structure alters other levels of structure. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Which level of protein structure is most immediately encoded in DNA?
primary secondary tertiary quaternary There is no difference between the four answers. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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