1. THE NATURE OF SPEAKING
Joko Nurkamto
UNS Solo

2. WHAT SPEAKERS DO Speech production Conceptualization and formulation
Articulation
Self-monitoring and repair
Automaticity
Fluency
Managing talk

3. SPEECH PRODUCTION
Linear
Utterance
Interlocutor
Contingent
Spontaneity

4. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND FORMULATION
Discourse script
Syntax
Topic
Comment
Add-on strategy

5. ARTICULATION
Articulation involves the use of the organs of speech to produce sounds. A stream of air is produced in the lungs, driven through the vocal cords, and ‘shaped’ by,
among other things, the position and movement
of the tongue, teeth, and lips …
At the same time as these articulatory processes are engaged, continual changes in loudness, pitch direction, tempo, and pausing serve to organize the sounds
into meaningful word form, and the words
into meaningful utterances…

6. SELF-MONITORING AND REPAIR
Self-monitoring happens concurrently with the stages of conceptualization, formulation, and articulation… A re-think at the planning stage may result in the abandonment of the message altogether, as when someone starts to gossip and realizes the subject of the gossip is within hearing distance!...
Hand in hand with monitoring is the ability to make running repairs … Repair can take the form of an immediate correction or ‘retrace-and –repair’ sequences, that is, when the speaker retraces or ‘re-winds’ an utterance, and starts again, but with a different sequence of words or phrases…

7. AUTOMATICITY
In order to achieve any degree of fluency, some degree of automaticity
is necessary. It allows speakers to focus on their attention on
the aspects of the speaking task …
In this sense, speaking is like any other skill, such as driving or playing a musical instrument: the more practice you get, the better it is …

8. FLUENCY
Speed
Pausing
Placement of pauses
The length of run

9. MANAGING TALK
Interaction
Turn-taking
Paralinguistics

10. WHAT SPEAKERS KNOW Linguistic knowledge Psycholinguistic knowledge
Sociolinguistic knowledge
Discourse knowledge
Strategic knowledge

11. TYPES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
A. Monologue
1. Planned
2. Unplanned
B. Dialogue
1. Interpersonal
a. Familiar
b. Unfamiliar
2. Transactional
b. unfamiliar

12. WHAT MAKES SPEAKING DIFFICULT?
Clustering
Redundancy
Reduced form
Performance variables
Colloquial language
Rate of delivery
Stress, rhythm, and intonation
Interaction

13. MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING
Produce chunks of language of different length.
Orally produce differences among the English phonemes and allophonic variants.
Produce English stress patterns and intonational contours.
Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.
Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish pragmatic purposes.
Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.
Monitor your own oral production and use various strategic devices – pauses, fillers, self-correction, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of the message.
Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (tenses, agreement, etc), word order, etc
Produce speech in natural constituent – in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breath groups, and sentences.

14. MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING
10. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.
11. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
12. Accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to their contexts.
13. Use appropriate registers, implicature, pragmatic conventions, and other sociolinguistic features.
14. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, and generalization.
15. Use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language to convey meanings.
16. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key words, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understanding you.

15. THANK YOU