1. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE AND GERUND)

2. DEFINITIONS
Infinitive: A verbal noun, similar in function to the English infinitive (to love etc.).
Labōrāre est ōrāre To work is to pray
Participle: An adjective formed from a verb and also functioning as a noun for people doing, having done something etc.
Caesar, omnibus hostibus superātīs, Rōmam rediit.
With all his enemies defeated, Caesar returned to Rome
Gerundive: A verbal adjective acting rather like a future passive participle (going to be ---ed) but also expressing the idea of necessity or obligation.
Dēlenda est Carthāgō Carthage must be destroyed
Gerund: a verbal noun identical in form to the neuter singular of the gerundive. It is not used in the nominative, for which the infinitive is used instead.
Amīcōs dēfendendī causā pugnāvimus We fought for the sake of defending our friends
Supine: A verbal noun identical in the accusative (-um) to the neuter singular of the past participle and with an ablative/dative in -ū.
Hic liber dignus est lēctū This book is worth reading

3. PARTICIPLE FORMATION Present (`doing’):
The –ns, -ntis ending for the present participle is normally added to the base used in the Imperfect tense
The verb esse had no present participle in the classical period but a form ens, entis came into use in the Middle Ages.
The common irregular verb eō (go) has u before the nt: iēns, euntis
The participle declines like an ordinary third declension adjective but the ablative singular ends in –e, not –ī if the participle is felt to be more verbal than adjectival in meaning:
Cum puellā canente ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was singing
Cum puellā canentī ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was a singer
Perfect (`having been done’ – normally passive but active in deponent verbs):
The fourth of a verb’s four `principal parts.’
Always ends in –tus, -sus, or –xus
Future (`about to do’):
Formed from the perfect participle by inserting –ūr- before the endings. With intransitive verbs, a future participle may be formed from what the perfect participle would have been if one existed! E.g. ventūrus, about to come

4. PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns,
PRESENT (ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents)
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)

5. PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns,
PRESENT (ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents)
amātus
habitus
rēctus
audītus
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)

6. PARTICIPLES amāns, amantis habēns, habentis regēns. regentis audiēns,
PRESENT (ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PERFECT (PASSIVE – but ACTIVE in Deponents)
amātus
habitus
rēctus
audītus
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)
amātūrus
habitūrus
rēctūrus
audītūrus
futūrus

7. DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Neut (Sing)
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
Nominative
regēns
regentēs
regentia
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative

8. DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Neut (Sing)
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
Nominative
regēns
regentēs
regentia
Accusative
regentem
regentēs/īs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative

9. DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Neut (Sing)
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
Nominative
regēns
regentēs
regentia
Accusative
regentem
regentēs/īs
Genitive
regentis
regentium
Dative
Ablative

10. DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Neut (Sing)
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
Nominative
regēns
regentēs
regentia
Accusative
regentem
regentēs/īs
Genitive
regentis
regentium
Dative
regentī
regentibus
Ablative

11. DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Neut (Sing)
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
Nominative
regēns
regentēs
regentia
Accusative
regentem
regentēs/īs
Genitive
regentis
regentium
Dative
regentī
regentibus
Ablative
regentī/e

12. GERUNDIVE
A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth conjugations, u can be used instead of e :
amābat > amandus docēbat > docendus
regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus)
Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the Dative. With intransitive verbs, the neuter of the gerundive can be used impersonally.The most natural English translation is usually in the active voice:
Nōbīs haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt We have to learn these words by heart.
Mihi theātrum relinquendum est. I have to leave the theatre.
Nōbīs abeundum est. We have to go away.
Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund in –ing or two nouns:
Dē castrīs dēfendendīs colloquāmur Let’s talk about defending the camp/the defence of the camp.

13. GERUND
A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive, but used in the active sense.
Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb when this is used as a noun. In these cases, the –ing form is also called a gerund but when it is used like an adjective it is called a present participle
Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but this tends to happen only when gerundive and noun both have long endings (especially genitive plural):
dē amīcīs dēfendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōs dēfendendō (with gerund)
amīcōs dēfendendī causā (with gerund) is better than amīcōrum dēfendendōrum causā (with gerundive)

14. SUPINE
Normally identical with the neuter singular of the perfect participle and therefore used as the fourth principal part of a transitive verb; not often used in sentences.
With īrī, forms the future passive infinitive. This is used in indirect stement but often the construction with fore ut (to be going to be that)plus subjunctive is preferred:
Nōn putābam Henrīcum superātum īrī / fore ut Henrīcus superārētur I didn’t think Henry would be defeated.
Can be used to express purpose after a verb of motion: :
Petrus cubitum it. Peter goes to lie down (i.e. goes to bed) [verb is cubō, cubāre, cubuī, cubitum ]
There is a special ablative form in –ū which can be used with adjectives in expressions such as mīrābile dictū (strange to say), liber est lēctū dignus (the book is worth reading)

15. INFINITIVES
Note that most infinitives are invariable (endings do not change) but that when they contain a perfect or future participle, they are declined like bonus – bona – bonum.
The future passive infinitive in –um īrī (to be going to ____ ed) is rarely used and, where one would expect it in indirect statement, is normally replaced by a paraphrase with fore ut (`to be going to be that’) plus the subjunctive:
Putāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superentur? Do you think our soldiers will be defeated?
Putābāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superārentur?
Did you think our soldiers would be defeated?

16. INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse PRESENT ACTIVE
PRESENT PASSIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE

17. INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī
PRESENT ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT ACTIVE
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE

18. INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī
PRESENT ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE

19. INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī
PRESENT ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE
amātus esse
habitus esse
rēctus esse
audītus esse
_____
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE

20. INFINITIVES amāre to love habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī
PRESENT ACTIVE
amāre
to love
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
amārī
to be loved
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT ACTIVE
amāvisse
To have loved
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE
amātus esse
to have been loved
habitus esse
rēctus esse
audītus esse
_____
FUTURE ACTIVE
amātūrus esse
To be about to love
habitūrus esse
rēctūrus esse
audītūrus esse
futūrus esse OR
fore
FUTURE PASSIVE
amātum īrī
to be about to be loved

21. INFINITIVES amāre habēre regere audīre esse amārī habērī regī audīrī
PRESENT ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE
amātus esse
habitus esse
rēctus esse
audītus esse
_____
FUTURE ACTIVE
amātūrus esse
habitūrus esse
rēctūrus esse
audītūrus esse
futūrus esse OR
fore
FUTURE PASSIVE
amātum īrī
habitum īrī
rēctum īrī
audītum īrī