1. Bell ringer: Study for Chapter 2, Section 2 Quiz
Get out Chapter 2, Section 2 Check-up

2. After Quiz: Put quiz under your desk.
Get out something to read or relax until quizzes are finished.

3. Study Guide Review Solar system
An imaginary line that runs through the earth’s center between the north and south pole.
Axis
Leap year
The beginning of spring and autumn
Solstice
It takes the earth 365 ¼ days for the earth to revolve around the sun. It takes the earth about 24 hours to spin on its axis.

4. Study Guide Review
8. Seasons change because the earth is tilted at a 23.5 degree angle. This means that half of the earth will be receiving more direct sunlight during half the year, while the other half receives more direct sunlight during the other half of the year Crust 11. The earth’s mantle is about 1,800 miles thick and has two parts (upper and lower mantle). 12. Outer core
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Winter Solstice:
December 21-22
June 20-21
Summer Solstice:
Autumnal (fall) equinox:
September 23
March 21
Spring Equinox:

5. Study Guide Review
13. The earth’s inner ore is about 700 miles thick. It reaches a temperature of 12,000 degrees Fahrenheit, which is hotter than the surface of the sun. It is made of iron, which remains solid because of the pressure of the other layers. 14. Tectonic plates 15. Pangea is what scientists believe was a supercontinent when all of the continental plates were together (before they shifted apart). 16. Continental Drift 17. I. convergence – Causes steep mountain ranges II. Subduction – Forms volcanoes III. Transform – Causes earthquakes IV. Divergence – Creates mountains and an expanding ocean floor.

6. Study Guide Review
18. Faults 19. A mountain is a high, steep elevation. 20. Plain 21. A plateau is a plain that sits high above sea level and usually has a cliff on all sides. 22. Valley 23. The continental shelf is the edge of a continent that often that often extends out under the water. This is where most of the earth’s marine life lives. The continental slope is a deep slope just beyond the continental shelf. Just beyond the continental slope is the continental rise which is formed by rocks and sediment carried by ocean currents.

7. Study Guide Review
24. Weathering is when air, water, wind, or ice slowly wear away rocks and soil. 25. Erosion 26. The Ring of Fire is a circle of volcanoes and earthquakes along the rim, or outer edge, of the Pacific Ocean. It exists because it is located where several tectonic plates meet. 27. Earthquake 28. Tsunamis are large, powerful ocean waves that can cause great destruction along the coast and are caused by earthquakes beneath the earth’s surface. 29. Volcano

8. Study Guide Review
30. Volcanoes can be beneficial because mineral rich lava turns into fertile soil which helps grow vegetation and offers a home for animal life. 31. Scientists have learned how to predict volcanic eruptions and engineers can design buildings that survive earthquakes so people can live safely. 32. Precipitation 33. The sun heats the ocean and water vapor rises up into the atmosphere. 34. Runoff (collection) 35. Condensation

9. Study Guide Review
36. Fresh water: Fresh water is important because it is used to drink, fish in, and irrigate crops. Rivers, lakes, and streams are examples of fresh water. Early civilizations developed along rivers such as the Nile River in Egypt because of available fresh water. Fresh water makes up 2% of the earth’s water. Salt Water: Contains salt and other minerals. It is a major source of the world’s seafood supply and a means of transportation. Oceans and seas are examples of salt water. The four oceans include the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Ocean. 37. Climate 38. I. Latitude – Places at higher latitudes experience more change between winter and summer. Places near the equator have nearly the same temperature throughout the year.

10. Study Guide Review
38. (cont.) II. Elevation – Places at higher elevations have generally colder temperatures than places closer to sea level. III. Prevailing Winds – Winds coming from one direction that blow most of the time. In Florida in the summer, the prevailing winds come from the South making a warm climate even hotter. IV. Ocean currents carry warm or cold air throughout the earth. 39. Weather 40. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. 41. An air mass is a large area of air that has the same temperature and humidity. The boundary between two air masses is called a front. 42. A climate region is a group of places that have similar temperatures, precipitation levels, and changes in weather.

11. Study Guide Review
43. Vegetation 44. Dry, humid temperate, humid equatorial, tundra (ice), and humid cold climates 45. Dry Climates 46. Humid Temperate Climates have cool winters, warm summers, and ample rainfall. Plant life includes mixed forests with evergreens and leafy trees. 47. Humid Equatorial Climates 48. North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. They have long, cold winters and short summers. Plant life includes mosses or no vegetation. 49. Humid Cold Climates

12. Study Guide Review
50. A hurricane is a strong storm with swirling winds and heavy rainfall. Winds rotate fiercely and can reach 200 miles per hour. 51. Cyclone 52. A tornado is a smaller storm than a cyclone, but has even more powerful winds that can reach 300 miles per hour. 53. Blizzard 54. Drought 55. They can often predict the path of a hurricane. They have worked with engineers to design levees or walls to hold back floodwaters. The ability to predict tornadoes has also improved as the National Weather Services uses radar and satellite imagery, as well as a network of “spotters”, to track big storms. Today’s technology enables warnings to get out quickly.

13. Study Guide Review
56. Biological resources are living things such as livestock, plants, and trees. Mineral resources are nonliving resources buried with Earth, such as oil and coal. 57. Raw materials 58. Nonrenewable resources are resources that are limited and cannot be replaced. Renewable resources never run out or a new supply develops over time. 59.
Biological Resources
Mineral Resources
Nonrenewable resources
Renewable Resources
Livestock
Oil
Wind
Plants/Trees
Coal
Natural Gas
Water

14. Study Guide Review
60. A habitat is a plant or an animal’s natural environment. 61. Pollution 62. An ecosystem is a community of plants and animals and their habitat. 63. In 1973, the U.S. passed the Endangered Species Act, which protects the habitats of endangered species. People have also restored, or brought back, habitats such as forests by planting trees. 64. Marine Life is the plants and animals of the ocean. 65. By polluting the ocean which has caused a huge drop in the number of fish in the ocean. The coral reef, or rain forest of the sea, is also disappearing slowly. (It houses 1/4th of all marine life).

15. Oceans and Continents Activity