1. Introduction to Science

2. Follow instructions given by teacher Keep your area clean
Safety Contract
No playing around
No food or drink
Follow instructions given by teacher
Keep your area clean
If it’s broken – notify teacher
Always wear goggles
Wash hands when finished
Crash course lab safety

3. Name the 4 safety equipment and why you would use them.
Fire blanket – person on fire
Fire extinguisher– put out a fire
Eye wash – chemical or object in eye
Emergency shower – spilt chemical on person

4. What’s wrong with this lab?
Lab Rap

5. Lab Tools Name Goggles Name: Erlenmeyer flask Use: protect eyes
Use: measure/mix liquids
Name: Beaker
Use: hold liquids
Name: Test tube
Use: hold small amount liquids

6. Lab Tools Name: Scale Use: measure mass Name: Graduated cylinder
Use: measure liquids

7. What would you use? The mass of a solid? The volume of a liquid?
Hold small amounts of liquids?
Hold liquids?
Contain and mix liquids?
The length of an insect?
Anytime while working in a lab?
Scale
Graduated cylinder
Test tubes
Beaker
Flask
Ruler
Goggles

8. Graphs Name: Bar Used for: Different groups Name: Line Name: Pie
Used for: track changes over long/short time
Name: Pie
Used for: Parts of a whole

9. What a good graph looks like
Title
Label axis (include units)
Drawn to scale
Include key

10. Analyzing data Group A Group B Group C Amount light 2 hours 1 hours
Group A
Group B
Group C
Amount light
2 hours
1 hours
Amount of water
1 cup
2 cups
Soil
Sand
Fertilizer
10 mg
15 mg
20 mg

11. Analyzing data

12. Analyzing data

13. Experimental Design An experiment is divided into 2 groups:
Experimental group – used to test one factor
Control group – not tested, used to make comparisons
Variables – factors that are used in an experiment
Controlled experiment, 1 variable is changed, all other variables are kept the same
Independent variable – what you’re testing. The one factor changed by you (X axis)
Dependent variable – data that is measureable.
What you observed. (Y axis)

14. Experiment: Does fertilizer help plants to grow bigger?
Example:
Experiment: Does fertilizer help plants to grow bigger?
Group A: Group B:
Plants given Fertilizer Plants without Fertilizer
**Every week, the height of the plants was measured*
1. Label the experimental and control group
What is the independent variable?
3. What is the dependent variable?
4. What factors are kept the same in this experiment?
Set up a graph and label.
Experimental Group
Control Group
Fertilizer
Plant Growth
Amount of sunlight, water, location

15. Giving Moodcor or placebo Weight gain
Practice Analyzing Experiments
A pharmacologist is testing whether a new anti-anxiety medication, Moodcor, will cause people to gain weight. To test this, she gives 100 people Moodcor for one month with water and 100 people a placebo drug with water. At the end of the month, she monitors any weight gain.
Experimental Group:
Control Group:
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Controls:
A scientist was testing to see if caffeine will increase the heart rate in mice. To test this, he gave 20 mice a caffeine pill dissolved in water and 20 mice a placebo pill dissolved in water. Then he monitored the heart rate of each mouse.
People given Moodcor
People given placebo
Giving Moodcor or placebo
Weight gain
Giving water with the moodcor or placebo
Mice given caffeine pill
Mice given placebo
Giving caffeine or placebo
Heart rate

16. Practice Analyzing Experiments
Experimental Group:
Control Test Tubes:
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
What is kept the same between all test tubes?
3 & 4
1 & 2
Pepsin
Amount of Egg White (Cloudiness)
Egg White and HCL

17. Data Qualitative – Descriptions Quantitative – Numbers
Color, texture, smell, taste, appearance
Quantitative – Numbers
Length, height, area, volume, weight, time

18. Observation vs. Inference
Observation: any information collected with senses
House fell down; powerlines down, tree fell over; crack in ground
Inference: conclusion based on observation
Earthquake happened

19. All of this adds up to CRITICAL THINKING
How to think like a Scientist?
Be Curious – look around and ask questions about things. How do I get energy from the sun?
Be Skeptical – don’t always believe the first thing you hear. Look for many possible explanation and pick the best one. Do you believe in UFO’s? (This may be true but is there evidence now to support it)
Be Flexible – even after you found one explanation, keep looking! Don’t be afraid to give up old ideas for new ones, as long as they pass the skepticism test.
All of this adds up to CRITICAL THINKING

20. How Observant are you?
Without looking down, what color socks are you wearing?
When you fold your arms, which arm do you put on top?
When you clasp your hands in front of you, which thumb is on top?
Are you ears attached or unattached?
How many sides does a pencil have?
What color is the top light on a traffic light?
How many sides does a stop sign have?
In the kitchen or bathroom sink, on which side of the faucet is the hot water knob?

21. How to act like a Scientist?
Scientific Method
Observation and State Problem – careful watching of something around us.
Research – look up information on the problem
Hypothesis – educated guess, that can be tested changing one variable.
Experiment – testing your hypothesis
Analysis – looking at the data
Conclusion – a judgment made based on the experiment that helps you decide whether your hypothesis is correct or not.
What is the difference between a theory and a law?

22. Think Creatively? How would you solve the following problems?
Can you tip a glass of water over without spilling it?
Can you empty a glass of water without touching it or the table it is on?

23. Biology is the study of Life
All Living things share 5 traits:
Organization – all living thing are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life
cell tissue organ organ system organism
uni-cellular – made of one cell
multi-cellular – made of many eukaryotic cells

24. 2. Acquire and Use Energy – all organisms take in and turn energy into a form that can be used.
a. Organisms are either:
Autotroph: organisms that can make their own food
Ex. plants
Heterotroph: organisms that must eat other things
Ex. Humans, fungi
b. Energy is used to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis – maintain internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Ex. Body Temperature, buffers in blood

26. Asexual (bacteria divide by binary fission)
3. Growth and Development – organisms pass through stages that are the same for all species.
a. Growth – organs get bigger
Ex. Baby getting larger
b. Development – all the changes in an organisms over a lifetime
Ex. Tadpole, tadpole with legs, small frog
4. Reproduction – organisms give rise to more of their own kind
a. Two Types:
Sexual (egg/sperm)
Asexual (bacteria divide by binary fission)
5. Response to the Environment – something happens (stimulus) and the organism responds.