1. Types of Chromosome Mutations
Refer to Figure 17-2, Griffiths et al., 2015.

2. Heterochromatin Features of Constitutive Heterochromatin
Present at homologous sites on pairs of chromosomes
Always genetically inert
DNA sequences that are not organized into genes
4. Telomeric and centromeric regions
Features of Facultative Heterochromatin
Referred to as silent chromatin
Potential to become heterochromatic (Barr body)
3. Genetic information that is not expressed once chromatin becomes condensed

3. Mammalian X Chromosome Inactivation
Calico cats are usually females heterozygous for orange allele and black allele at an X-linked locus.
Male calico cats are very rare. Why is this the case?

4. X Chromosome Inactivation
Most genes on the inactivated X chromosome are silenced (turned off, not expressed).
Genes on the inactivated X chromosome remain silenced in descendant cells.
Heritable alteration of this type is an example of epigenetic inheritance.
Chromosomal DNA sequence remains unchanged.

5. Mammalian X Chromosome Inactivation
Inactivated X chromosome becomes highly condensed, darkly staining structure called Barr body. State of inactivation is transmitted down the cell lineage.

6. Types of Chromosome Mutations
Refer to Figure 17-2, Griffiths et al., 2015.

7. Chromosome Mutations: Changes in Chromosome Structure
A B C
D E F
A C
D E F
Deletion/Deficiency
A B C
D E F
A B B C
D E F
Duplication
A B C
D E F
A E D
C B F
Inversion
A B C
D E F
A B C
D J K
Translocation
G H I
J K
G H I
E F

8. Origins of Chromosomal Rearrangements
Nonallelic Homologous Recombination (NAHR)
Refer to Figure 17-19, Griffiths et al., 2015.

9. Chromosome Mutations Deletion/Deficiency Duplication Inversion
A B C
D E F
A C
D E F
Deletion/Deficiency
A B C
D E F
A B B C
D E F
Duplication
A B C
D E F
A E D
C B F
Inversion
A B C
D E F
A B C
D J K
Translocation
G H I
J K
G H I
E F

10. Deletions a a Deletions can be terminal or interstitial.
An intragenic deletion inactivates a gene;
multigenic deletions affect several genes.
Homozygous condition for chromosomal deletion is often lethal.
Chromosome deletion cannot revert.
Synapsis of a normal chromosome and a deletion chromosome produces a deletion loop during meiosis.
In heterozygous deletions, recombination frequencies between genes outside the deletion are lower than normal. a a
normal chromosome
deletion chromosome
Recessive alleles covered by a deletion are unmasked and are expressed phenotypically. This effect is known as pseudodominance.

11. Deletions Cancer cells often harbor chromosome mutations.
Cells of a tumor do not always show the same chromosome mutation.
Chromosome-specific deletions are associated with certain tumors.

12. Chromosome Mutations Deletion/Deficiency Duplication Inversion
A B C
D E F
A C
D E F
Deletion/Deficiency
A B C
D E F
A B B C
D E F
Duplication
A B C
D E F
A E D
C B F
Inversion
A B C
D E F
A B C
D J K
Translocation
G H I
J K
G H I
E F

13. Duplications
Arrangement of a duplication can be in tandem or reverse order.
Several pairing possibilities exist in heterozygotes of a normal chromosome and a side-by-side duplication.
Heterozygous condition results in a loop structure during meiosis.
Duplications (and higher order duplications) can occur by unequal crossing-over after asymmetric synapsis of chromosomes.

14. Chromosome Mutations Deletion/Deficiency Duplication Inversion
A B C
D E F
A C
D E F
Deletion/Deficiency
A B C
D E F
A B B C
D E F
Duplication
A B C
D E F
A E D
C B F
Inversion
A B C
D E F
A B C
D J K
Translocation
G H I
J K
G H I
E F

15. pericentric inversion
Inversions
A B C D
E F G H
A B F E
D C G H
pericentric inversion
A B C D
E F G H
A B C D
E G F H
paracentric inversion
A heterozygote for a normal chromosome and an inversion will form an inversion loop during meiosis.
The number of recombinant products is reduced in inversion heterozygotes by:
1) elimination of crossing over products within the inversion loop, and
2) inhibition of pairing between homologues in the region of the inversion.

16. Pairing in paracentric inversion heterozygotes and resulting meiotic products.
Anaphase bridge results in random breakage of chromosomal material.
2 of 4 meiotic products are not genetically balanced and will not produce viable gametes.