1. The 2nd Industrial Revolution

2. Main Objectives
Understand how industrial and population growth affected Europe's development
Know the various technological advancements
Relate the technological advancements to changes in the social fabric of Europe
Understand the changes brought about by urbanization.

3. New Technologies The Bessemer Process makes cheap steel abundant
Through this steel it was possible to build bigger buildings, longer bridges, more railroads, stronger warships, etc.
Anesthesia was developed for surgery
Louis Pasteur postulated germ theory and developed immunizations
Wilhelm Rontgen discovered x-rays
Robert Koch began the field of bacteriology which encourages more sanitation and therefore longer life and lower infant mortality rates.

4. Electrical and Chemical Revolutions
Werner von Siemens invents the first electromagnetic generator allowing for the production of electricity
Thomas Edison invents in incandescent lamp 1879
Although some of Europe will gain electricity, it was not until the 1950's that electricity was common all over Europe
Electricity was most helpful in heavy industry
The chemical industry also develops at this time with Fritz Haber discovering how to use nitrogen in fertilizer and explosives.

5. Germany in the Revolution
- Since Germany was late to industrialize it was able to benefit from being able to mechanize with the newest of technology
- Furthermore, it made good use of cartels, where the competitors in an industry agree to share the market, regulate output, fix prices, and take other measures to limit the competition
- Germany will turn out more steel and chemicals than Britain and France combined
- German universities were the best in the world making Germany the center of scientific research
- German banks and large businesses worked hand in hand in order to generate huge profits
- France, Italy, and Germany took advantage of the Suez Canal and now were not as dependent on British shipping.

6. Russia and Eastern Europe
- Russia remained very rural despite the revolution
- Modern agriculture was not used and the famine of 1890 led to millions of peasants dead
- However, at the turn of the century the Russians managed to increase output, and The Peasant Land Bank helped many peasants buy land
- The size of Russia made industrialization difficult as often the resources were very far from the manufacture centers
- Furthermore, the Orthodox church considered investment usury
- At the turn of the century the development of railroad and foreign investment increased Russia's output of coal and steel
- Trade with her Asian neighbors helped grow the Russian economy
- In A-H and the Balkans industrialization also came, albeit slower and less complete than in the rest of Europe.

7. Changing Transportation

8. How the Car Changed the World
- Carl Benz and Rudolf Diesel make changes to the automobile that will make it cheaper and more useful
- The increased production of cars led to advances and growth in manufacturing steel, rubber, aluminum, and tools
- It also led to the development of the petroleum industry and a renewed interest in the Middle East
- Copying Ford, the French and then the rest of Europe began to use assembly line manufacturing
- The development of cars led to better roads, which became paved, and gas stations.

9. Other Transportation Developments
- Electric power led to the development of trams and subways
- This, coupled with trains, allowed people to live further from where they worked. Thus began a segregation of classes in the city
- The car also made it easier to travel to and from the city as it grew cheaper and more reliable
- Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds the first airship for luxury travel
- Wilbur and Orville Wright fly the first successful plane in 1903.

10. Leisure - New inventions led to greater transportation for leisure
- People would take vacations to beaches and health spas, and travel for business became common
- The development of the Kodak Camera made taking pictures of memories more common
- The invention of the telephone made communication easier in the continent with Germans making 700 million calls in 1900 alone
- Thomas Edison's Gramophone led to music recordings and the development of the radio led to a saturation of music and programming in western Europe by 1914
- Silent pictures debuted captivating audiences with scenes from modern life, then movies with plots
- A-H will use motion pictures to study the flights of shells.

11. Major Scientific and Social Developments

12. Patents - In 1883 a worldwide system for patents was introduced
- Marie Curie isolated Radium and discovered radioactivity winning her 2 Nobel prizes, and unfortunately cancer
- Particle theory is developed and James Maxwell discovers electromagnetic fields
- Einstein postulates the theory of relativity E=mc²
- This will make nuclear energy possible in a half a century.

13. Growth in Major States In Millions
c. 1871
c. 1911
% increase
German Empire
41.1
64.9
57.8
France
36.1
39.6
9.7
Ausria-Hungary
35.8
49.5
38.3
Great Britain
31.8
45.4
42.8
Italy
26.8
34.7
29.5
Spain
16.0
19.2
20.0
Between 1700 and 1914 the population of Europe increased from million people

14. Demographic Boom
- Birth and death rates dropped which helped lead to this explosion
- Average number of children per couple also dropped from in 1869 to 2.82 by 1914
- Infant mortality declined due to better sanitation and an improvement in standard of living
- Poor families still had more children than the upper class
- Contraception became more common
- This led to a greater number of single people 10-15% never married or entered into long term relationships.

15. Increased Standard of Living
- Wages increased in the late 19th century this gave more money for varied diets, and leisure
- More grain and meat reached the continent from refrigerated trains and ships
- Average workers still were malnourished.

16. Migration and Emigration
- Migration around Europe from the country to the city became more common.
- These migrants would help others in small towns migrate to the cities
- Emigration, particularly to America, was common in Eastern and Southern Europe due to religious and political persecution as well as for economic reasons
- This was particularly true for Jews, so Theodor Herzl will begin the Zionist movement to convince Jews to move to Palestine.

17. Families in the 2nd Industrial Revolution
- Industrial workers generally came from a proletarian background
- Being working class became a frame of mind, something to be proud of though most will yearn to join the burgeoning lower middle class
- However, mechanization will reduce the demand for many trades, forcing tradesmen into the factories
- Women would often work in between raising children, usually is small workshops or from home
- Many children left home at 16 to go find work, this would leave parents and aging grandparents to fend for themselves.

18. Moralists
- Moralists believed industrialization was causing the destruction of the family and greater crime in the overcrowded cities
- Moralists believed that education, marriage, and thriftiness were needed to save civilization
- Moralists also believed that working class neighborhoods were breeding drunkenness and domestic abuse
- Moralists also decried prostitution even getting the Contagious Diseases Act passed, though it was later repealed.

19. Growing Cities
- As manufacturing continues to be concentrated in urban areas, millions began to migrate to these cities
- Cities like Istanbul and Warsaw doubled and quadrupled in size along with Paris and London
- Many in the cities lived it harsh, cramped conditions
- In Paris, Napoleon III built wide boulevards for quick transportation (especially to neighborhoods that had be revolutionary), new sewers, and aqueducts
- London was the center of international trade, the largest port in Europe, and home to the largest merchant marine fleet in the world
- This led to large low wage labor force centered around East End, which by itself had a population of 2 million
- This is an example of Social Segregation, where people segregate themselves by class.

20. Cultural Changes

21. Education
- More European children than ever were becoming educated by the state
- in 1870 Britain placed education in the hands of the state Anglicans were not happy
- In Britain and France school became mandatory and free until age 12/13 by 1891
- Throughout Europe as education increased language became standardized in France, Italy, and Spain
- As always the further east you went and more rural you became the less literate you were
- Although female education increased, it was still looked down upon by many of the conservatives
- Education was often seen as a way to improve status for women so they could easily get a husband.

22. Education and the State
- The state was very involved in education in order to keep social norms and maintain a high level of patriotism
- University education was still for a very small number of elites
- Women were very slowly admitted to university, their place was still seen as the home.

23. Religion - Religious zeal lessened during this period
- There was a “Great Awakening” in Sweden and in some Catholic countries there was a small revival, but overall church attendance and religion's hold over peoples lives lessened.