1. The American Civil War
A guided tour: 5.2

2. United States of America Confederate States of America (CSA)
Who were the leaders?
United States of America
(USA)
Confederate States of America (CSA)
President: Abraham Lincoln
General Ulysses S. Grant
Gen. William T. Sherman
Adm. David Farragut
Gen. George B. McClellan
Gen. George Meade
President: Jefferson Davis
General Robert E. Lee
Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard
Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Gen. Nathan B. Forrest
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston

3. War Comes to the Palmetto State

4. Capture of Port Royal, SC – Nov. 7, 1861
Unable to capture Charleston, SC the Union needed to establish a point of access to the South. The morning of Nov. 7th 1861, Union naval forces started an artillery bombardment of Fort Walker/Welles and Fort Beauregard/Seward. The bombardment was carried out with a unique elliptical strategy allowing for relentless canon fire on both positions.
As the bombardment diminished confederate positions, Union troop transports were able to land and Union forces were able to take Port Royal. Port Royal provided the Union with control of the Sea Islands, Hilton Head Island and the Harbor River Delta.

5. Union Captures Port Royal Plantation owners flee
Abandoned slaves
Treasury Department labels slaves as contraband
Still considered property until the Emancipation Proclamation

6. Federal Government starts paying former slaves
Port Royal Experiment
Federal Government starts paying former slaves
Paid a wage to manage and farm the plantations
Provided the Union with needed supplies at low cost.
Union Army allowed former slaves to join
Created a series of ‘all—black’ units
After the Emancipation Proclamation
Former slaves had saved their money and were able to purchase the majority of government seized plantations.

7. Federal Government starts paying former slaves
Port Royal Experiment
Federal Government starts paying former slaves
Paid a wage to manage and farm the plantations
Provided the Union with needed supplies at low cost.
Union Army allowed former slaves to join
Created a series of ‘all—black’ units
After the Emancipation Proclamation
Former slaves had saved their money and were able to purchase the majority of government seized plantations.

8. Union Blockade With a naval position at Port Royal,
Union could now resupply and increase the pressure of the blockade of Confederate ports.
Blockade kept CSA trade to a minimum also kept military supplies from reaching the CSA
Confederate Blockade Runners
Small ships with shallow keels
Allowed them to navigate in areas too shallow for the larger Union ships.

9. Robert Smalls Born: 1839 Where: Beaufort, SC plantation
Background: Hired out to work various jobs by his master and eventually working at the Port of Charleston.
Famous for: Stealing a Confederate warship with other slaves and escaping to the blockade. Provided valuable intelligence to the Union and fought as a soldier.
Post-War: Served as a state representative, state senator, and US Congressman. Retired to manage the Port of Beaufort.

10. Campaign for Charleston
Why Charleston?
Strategic location for supplying Confederate coastal forces
Defended by a series of Battery positions
Tower Secessionville
Battery Morris Island
Secessionville, June 16, 1862
Union force of 4,500 soldiers attacked Tower Battery manned with 1,000 Confederate soldiers.
Confederate soldiers defeated the assault, sustaining only 200 casualties
Union forces retreated with a loss of 700 casualties

11. Assault by Sea, Charleston Harbor, April 7, 1863
Union forces mounted a naval assault
Used a fleet of nine ironclads
Assaulted Fort Sumter in an attempt to gain access to the harbor
Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter were able to gain fire superiority over the ironclads
Union forces had to retreat

12. Morris Island, Battery Wagner, July 10, 1863.
First Union assault on Battery Wagner.
Failed attempt when unable to overrun the earthwork (first line of defense, mounded dirt with sharpened trees)

13. Morris Island, Battery Wagner, July 18, 1863.
Second Union assault on Battery Wagner
Union artillery bombarded the battery for 10+ hours
Ground assault lead by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment overran the earthworks surrounding the battery.
Union assaulted the battery for two months.
Sustained losses of 1,500 soldiers to the Confederates 200
Bombardment continued daily on Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter, leaving Fort Sumter in ruins.
Battery Wagner was finally abandoned by the Confederates.
Fort Sumter was never surrendered even though it was in complete ruins.

14. Siege of Charleston,
With the fall of Battery Wagner, the Union was able to set up artillery positions within range of Charleston.
For 567 days, an artillery barrage, sometimes including over 100 cannons bombarded the city daily.
Residents and businesses were forced to move north of Calhoun Street
Out of artillery range.
By the time Charleston fell to the Union
City deserted and nearly destroyed.

15. CSS Hunley – Dawn of Submersible Warfare
First submersible vessel to sink an enemy ship. Lost at sea during the Charleston Harbor Blockade after sinking the enemy ship Housatonic. Found in 2003, roughly 136 years later.

16. Shifting Tide of the Civil War
CSA General Robert E. Lee
USA General Ulysses Grant
Neither side anticipated a prolonged conflict.
Union strategy required an unchallenged control of the Mississippi River and invasion of the South.
Confederate strategy required the invasion of the North and capture of Washington, D.C.

17. 1st Confederate Invasion & the Battle of Antietam
Confederate forces under the leadership of CSA General Robert E. Lee seized an opportunity to invade the north in the fall of 1862.
On September 17, 1862 at the battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg, MD, General Lee’s forces fought the bloodiest day of the war against Union General George McClellan. In one day 23,000 casualties between the two armies.
Confederate forces retreat back to Virginia.

19. Union Advance & the Battle of Chancellorsville
Union forces under the leadership of Gen. Joseph Hooker attempt to surprise and reroute CSA General Robert E. Lee’s army, May 2-6,
Miserable failure by the Union. They underestimated the capability of Lee’s army. Lee split his forces and out maneuvered Hooker’s attempt at a turn.

20. 2nd Confederate Invasion & the Battle of Gettysburg
After defeating the Union advance at Chancelorsville, the Confederates continued to advance northward through the Shenandoah Valley moving to