1. Fig. 7.1 Articular cartilage Epiphysis Red bone marrow Epiphyseal line
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Articular
cartilage
Epiphysis
Red bone
marrow
Epiphyseal
line
Marrow cavity
Yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Nutrient foramen
Diaphysis
Site of endosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
line
Epiphysis
Articular
cartilage
(a) Living
(b) Dried

2. Suture Outer compact bone Spongy bone (diploe) Trabeculae
Fig. 7.2
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Suture
Outer compact
bone
Spongy bone
(diploe)
Trabeculae
Inner compact
bone

3. Fig. 7.3 Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Osteocyte Rough endoplasmic
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Osteogenic cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Secretory
vesicles
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
(a) Osteocyte development
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Osseous
tissue
Stem cells
Periosteum
Resorption
bay
Nuclei
Osteoclast
Fusion
Ruffled
border
Lysosomes
(b) Osteoclast development

4. Fig. 7.4
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Bone marrow
Trabecula
Pelvic bone
Head of
femur
Spongy bone
Compact bone
(a)
(c)
Nerve
Blood vessel
Spicules
Trabeculae
Spongy bone
Endosteum
Periosteum
Perforating fibers
Perforating canal
Central
canal
Osteon
Lacuna
Collagen
fibers
Lacunae
Concentric
lamellae
Circumferential
lamellae
Canaliculi
Central
canal
(b)
Lamella
(d)
20 m
a: © D.W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; d: © Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

5. © Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited
Fig. 7.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Greater trochanter
Head
Trabeculae of
spongy bone
Compact bone
Lines of stress
Shaft (diaphysis)
© Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited

6. Fig. 7.6

7. Fig. 7.7 Osteoid tissue Blood vessel Bone trabecula Osteoid tissue
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Osteoid tissue
Blood vessel
Bone trabecula
Osteoid tissue
Marrow spaces
Osteoblasts
Osteocyte
Mesenchyme
Osteoblast
Mesenchymal cell 1
Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic
mesenchyme 2
Calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment
of osteocytes
Mesenchyme
Periosteum
Periosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Periosteum
Bone trabeculae 3
Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing
periosteum 4
Filling of space to form compact bone at
surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle

8. Periosteum: Fibrous layer Osteogenic layer Osteoid tissue
Fig. 7.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Periosteum:
Fibrous layer
Osteogenic
layer
Osteoid tissue
Osseous tissue
(bone)
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
©Ken Saladin

9. Fig. 7.9 Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Perichondrium
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Articular
cartilage
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
line
Perichondrium
Hyaline
cartilage
Secondary
marrow cavity
Epiphyseal
plate
Periosteum 1
Early cartilage model
Epiphysis
Nutrient
foramen
Secondary
ossification
center
Marrow cavity
Metaphysis
Compact bone
Enlarging
chondrocytes
Blood
vessel
Diaphysis
Bony collar
Primary
marrow
cavity
Primary
ossification
center
Metaphysis
Secondary
ossification
center
Periosteum
Cartilage 2
Formation of
primary
ossification center,
bony collar, and
periosteum 3
Vascular invasion,
formation of primary
marrow cavity, and
appearance of
secondary
ossification center 4
Bone at birth, with
enlarged primary
marrow cavity and
appearance of
secondary marrow
cavity in one epiphysis 5
Bone of child, with
epiphyseal plate at
distal end 6
Adult bone with a
single marrow
cavity and closed
epiphyseal plate

10. ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.10
Cranial
bones
Mandible
Vertebrae
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Scapula
Ribs
Femur
Pelvis
©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

11. Fig. 7.12 1 2 3 4 5 Zone Zone Zone of reserve cartilage
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Zone 1
Zone 5 1
Zone of reserve cartilage
Typical histology of resting
hyaline cartilage 2
Zone of cell proliferation
Chondrocytes multiplying and
lining up in rows of small
flattened lacunae
Multiplying
chondrocytes
Enlarging
chondrocytes 3
Zone of cell hypertrophy
Cessation of mitosis;
enlargement of chondrocytes
and thinning of lacuna walls
Breakdown
of lacunae 4
Zone of calcification
Temporary calcification of
cartilage matrix between
columns of lacunae
Calcifying
cartilage 5
Zone of bone deposition
Breakdown of lacuna walls,
leaving open channels; death
of chondrocytes; bone
deposition by osteoblasts,
forming trabeculae of spongy
bone
Bone
marrow
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Trabeculae of
spongy bone
© Victor Eroschenko

12. Fig. 7.14 7-dehydrocholesterol HO Ultraviolet light Vitamin D3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. OH HO
7-dehydrocholesterol
Ultraviolet
light
Vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol)
CH2
Calcidiol
Calcitriol
Bone
resorption
Reduced
excretion
of Ca2+
Absorption
of Ca2+ and
phosphate

13. Fig. 7.16 Blood Ca2+ returns to normal Blood Ca2+ excess Blood Ca2+
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood Ca2+
returns to
normal
Blood Ca2+
excess
Blood Ca2+
deficiency
Blood Ca2+
returns to
normal
Parathyroid
hormone
secretion
Calcitonin
secretion
Increased
osteoclast
activity
More bone
resorption
Reduced
osteoclast
activity
Less bone
resorption
Reduced
osteoblast
activity
Less bone
deposition
Increased
osteoblast
activity
More bone
deposition
More urinary
phosphate
excretion
Prevention of
hydroxyapatite
formation
(a) Correction for hypercalcemia
Less urinary
calcium
excretion
Conservation
of calcium
(b) Correction for hypocalcemia

14. Fig. 7.18 Marrow cavity Fibrocartilage Hard callus Hematoma
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Marrow
cavity
Fibrocartilage
Hard
callus
Hematoma
Soft callus
Spongy
bone
New blood
vessels
Compact bone 1
Hematoma formation
The hematoma is converted
to granulation tissue by invasion
of cells and blood capillaries. 2
Soft callus formation
Deposition of collagen and
fibrocartilage converts granulation
tissue to a soft callus. 3
Hard callus formation
Osteoblasts deposit a temporary
bony collar around the fracture to
unite the broken pieces while
ossification occurs. 4
Bone remodeling
Small bone fragments are
removed by osteoclasts, while
osteoblasts deposit spongy
bone and then convert it to
compact bone.

15. Page 225 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Bones lying close to the body
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Bones lying close to the body
surface support and shape
the skin.
LYMPHATIC/
IMMUNE SYSTEM
White blood cells produced
in the bone marrow carry out
the body’s immune functions.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Bones are the attachment
sites for most skeletal
muscles and provide leverage
for muscle action; calcium
homeostasis, important
for muscle contraction, is
achieved partly through
a balance between bone
deposition and resorption.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Ventilation of the lungs is
achieved by musculoskeletal
actions of the thoracic cage;
the thoracic cage protects the
delicate lungs from trauma;
bones support and shape the
nasal cavity.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The cranium and vertebral
column protect the brain
and spinal cord; osseous
tissue provides the calcium
homeostasis needed for nerve
function.
URINARY SYSTEM
The thoracic cage partially
protects the kidneys, and
the pelvic girdle protects the
lower urinary tract.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Osseous tissue interacts
with the digestive system
in maintaining calcium
homeostasis; the thoracic
cage and pelvic girdle protect
portions of the digestive tract;
musculoskeletal movements are
necessary for chewing.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Bones protect endocrine glands
in the head, thorax, and pelvis;
bones secrete the hormone
osteocalcin, which promotes
insulin action.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Bone marrow forms blood
cells and platelets; osseous
tissue provides the calcium
homeostasis needed for cardiac
function and blood clotting.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The pelvic girdle protects
the internal reproductive
organs; childbirth is
adapted to the anatomy
of the female pelvic girdle;
ligaments anchor the penis
and clitoris to the pelvic
girdle.