1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. A. The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
I. Basic Heart Anatomy
A. The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
1. Heart is a transport system consisting of two side-by-side pumps
a. Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues
i. Pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, pick up O2, via pulmonary circuit
b. Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs
i. Pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit
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3. B. Chambers and Valves 1. There are 4 Chambers in the heart a
B. Chambers and Valves 1. There are 4 Chambers in the heart a. Receiving chambers of heart i. Left and Right Atria (Singular: Atrium) receive blood returning from circulation b. Pumping chambers of heart i. Left and Right Ventricles pump blood back into circulation 2. There are 4 Valves in the heart a. Valves are at each opening into the ventricles and act as one way “doors”
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4. Figure 18.1 The systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Aorta and
branches
Venae
cavae
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Heart
Systemic Circuit
Capillary beds
of all body
tissues where gas
exchange occurs
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
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5. C. Size, Location, and Orientation of the Heart
1. Approximately the size of a fist
a. Weighs less than 1 pound
2. Location
a. In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
b. On superior surface of diaphragm
c. Two-thirds of heart to left of midsternal line
d. Anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum
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6. Figure 18.2a Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm
Location of
apical
impulse
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7. Figure 18.2b Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Left lung
Body of T8
vertebra
Posterior
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8. 3. Orientation a. Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder b. Apex points toward left hip
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9. Figure 18.2a Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm
Location of
apical
impulse
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10. Figure 18.2b Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Left lung
Body of T8
vertebra
Posterior
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11. Bell Ringer
18.03 What is the path that blood takes through the lungs called? What is the Mediastinum?
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12. II. Heart Coverings, Walls, and Internal Features
A. Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
1. Superficial fibrous pericardium
2. Deep two-layered serous pericardium
a. Parietal layer
b. Visceral layer (epicardium)
c. Two layers separated by fluid-filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)
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13. Figure 18.3 The layers of the pericardium and of the heart wall.
Pulmonary
trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous
pericardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral
layer of serous
pericardium)
Heart
wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
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14. B. Three layers of heart wall
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium: bundles of cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer
a. Lines heart chambers and covers cardiac skeleton of valves
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15. Cardiac muscle bundles
Figure 18.4 The circular and spiral arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles in the myocardium of the heart.
Cardiac
muscle
bundles
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16. Figure 18.3 The layers of the pericardium and of the heart wall.
Pulmonary
trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous
pericardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral
layer of serous
pericardium)
Heart
wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
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17. C. Internal features 1. Four chambers a. Two superior atria b
C. Internal features 1. Four chambers a. Two superior atria b. Two inferior ventricles 2. Septum: separates left and right Atria and Ventricles
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18. Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium
Frontal section
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19. Figure 18.5b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Left common carotid
artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Auricle of
left atrium
Right pulmonary veins
Circumflex artery
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Left coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Right marginal artery
Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Inferior vena cava
Apex
Anterior view
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20. Figure 18.5f Gross anatomy of the heart.
Left subclavian artery
Left common carotid artery
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Ligamentum arteriosum
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary vein
Right auricle
Left auricle
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
of mitral valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Papillary muscle
Myocardium of left ventricle
Myocardium of right ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
Interventricular septum
Internal aspect of ventricles; dissection of view similar to (e)
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21. Figure 18.5a Gross anatomy of the heart.
Left subclavian artery
Left common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Anterior interventricular artery
(in anterior interventricular
sulcus)
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Additional branch off left
coronary artery, normal
variation
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Apex of heart
(left ventricle)
Anterior aspect (pericardium removed)
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22. 3. Valves a. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves i
3. Valves a. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves i. Tricuspid valve (right AV valve): made up of three cusps and lies between right atrium and ventricle ii. Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
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23. (left atrioventricular) valve
Figure Heart valves.
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Myocardium
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Cardiac
skeleton
Anterior
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24. Figure 18.6-2 Heart valves (continued).
Right
atrium
Left atrium
Tricuspid
valve
Chordae
tendineae
Mitral valve
Myocardium
of left
ventricle
Myocardium
of right
ventricle
Papillary
muscles
Interventricular
septum
Chordae tendineae
attached to tricuspid
valve flap
Papillary
muscle
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25. Figure 18.7a The function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.
Blood returning to the
heart fills atria, pressing
against the AV valves. The
increased pressure forces
AV valves open. 1
Direction of
blood flow
Atrium
Cusp of
atrioventricular
valve (open)
As ventricles fill, AV valve
flaps hang limply into ventricles. 2
Chordae
tendineae
Atria contract, forcing
additional blood into ventricles. 3
Papillary
muscle
Ventricle
AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
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26. b. Two semilunar (SL) valves prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
i. Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
ii. Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
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27. (left atrioventricular) valve
Figure 18.6a Heart valves.
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Myocardium
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Cardiac
skeleton
Anterior
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28. Figure 18.8a The function of the semilunar (SL) valves.
Aorta
Pulmonary
trunk
As ventricles contract
and intraventricular
pressure rises, blood
is pushed up against
semilunar valves,
forcing them open.
Semilunar valves open
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29. Figure 18.8b The function of the semilunar (SL) valves.
As ventricles relax
and intraventricular
pressure falls, blood
flows back from
arteries, filling the
cusps of semilunar
valves and forcing
them to close.
Semilunar valves closed
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30. 4. Vessels a. Superior & Inferior Vena Cava i
4. Vessels a. Superior & Inferior Vena Cava i. Bring deoxygenated blood back from the body ii. Connected to the Right Atrium b. Pulmonary Trunk & Arteries i. Take deoxygenated blood to the lungs ii. Connected to the Right Ventricle
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31. Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium
Frontal section
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32. c. Pulmonary Veins i. Bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs ii
c. Pulmonary Veins i. Bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs ii. Connected to the Left Atrium d. Aorta i. Takes oxygenated blood to the body ii. Connected to the Left Ventricle
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33. Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium
Frontal section
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34. Bell Ringer
18.05 Identify parts When blood leaves the right ventricle, Where does it go?
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35. III. Pathway of Blood Through Heart
Pulmonary Circuit
Right Ventricle
Through Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Splits into two pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Blood drops CO2 and picks up O2
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
a. Through the Mitral Valve
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36. B. Systemic Circuit 1. Left Ventricle a
B. Systemic Circuit 1. Left Ventricle a. through Aortic Semilunar Valve 2. Aorta a. Branches into many arteries 3. Body a. Blood drops O2 and picks up CO2 4. Superior & Inferior Vena Cava 5. Right Atrium a. Through Tricuspid Valve
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37. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus Figure The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit.
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
semilunar valve
Oxygen-poor blood
Superior vena cava (SVC)
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Coronary sinus
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Pulmonary
trunk
Oxygen-rich blood
Pulmonary
arteries
SVC
Coronary
sinus
Pulmonary
trunk
Right
atrium
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
semilunar
valve
Right
ventricle
IVC
Oxygen-poor blood is carried
in two pulmonary arteries to
the lungs (pulmonary circuit)
to be oxygenated.
To lungs
Pulmonary
capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood
returns to the heart via
the four pulmonary veins.
To heart
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38. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus Figure The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit.
Oxygen-poor blood
returns from the body
tissues back to the heart.
Oxygen-poor blood
To heart
Oxygen-rich blood
Systemic
capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood is
delivered to the body
tissues (systemic circuit).
To body
Aorta
Pulmonary
veins
Aortic
semilunar
valve
Left
atrium
Mitral
valve
Left
ventricle
Aortic
semilunar valve
Mitral
valve
Left
ventricle
Left
atrium
Four
pulmonary
veins
Aorta
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39. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus Figure 18.1 The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit.
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
semilunar valve
Oxygen-poor blood
Superior vena cava (SVC)
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Coronary sinus
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Pulmonary
trunk
Oxygen-rich blood
Pulmonary
arteries
SVC
Coronary
sinus
Pulmonary
trunk
Right
atrium
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
semilunar
valve
Right
ventricle
IVC
Oxygen-poor blood is carried
in two pulmonary arteries to
the lungs (pulmonary circuit)
to be oxygenated.
Oxygen-poor blood
returns from the body
tissues back to the heart.
To heart
To lungs
Systemic
capillaries
Pulmonary
capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood is
delivered to the body
tissues (systemic circuit).
Oxygen-rich blood
returns to the heart via
the four pulmonary veins.
To body
To heart
Aorta
Pulmonary
veins
Aortic
semilunar
valve
Left
atrium
Mitral
valve
Left
ventricle
Aortic
semilunar valve
Mitral
valve
Left
ventricle
Left
atrium
Four
pulmonary
veins
Aorta
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40. Figure 18.5d Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Posterior vein of
left ventricle
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Posterior interventricular
artery (in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Left ventricle
Middle cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Apex
Posterior surface view
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41. Bell Ringer
18.07 Fill in the missing steps for the Circulation Pathway and Identify the name of the Circuit. _____ Circuit 1. Right Ventricle 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. Left Atrium Is the right side of the heart filled with oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
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42. IV. Heart Physiology The Cardiac Cycle
The events that take place during one full heart beat
Systole means contraction
Diastole means relaxation
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43. 2. Cycle Steps a. Atrial Systole i
2. Cycle Steps a. Atrial Systole i. Blood moves from atria to ventricles ii. AV valves open iii. SL vavles closed b. Ventricular Systole i. Blood moves from ventricles to vessels ii. AV valves closed iii. SL valves open
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44. c. Complete Diastole i. Entire heart relaxes for a brief moment ii
c. Complete Diastole i. Entire heart relaxes for a brief moment ii. AV vales begin to open again iii. SL valves close again

45. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. B. Heart Sounds 1. Lub-Dub a
B. Heart Sounds 1. Lub-Dub a. Each part of the sound is actually a set of heart valves closing 2. Lub Sound a. AV Valves closing 3. Dub Sound a. Semilunar Valves closing
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47. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. C. Cardiac Conduction System 1
C. Cardiac Conduction System 1. Intrinsic system that helps regulate heart activity a. Sends electrical impulses through the heart b. Works independently from nervous system
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49. 2. Parts of the system a. Sinoatrial (SA) Node i
2. Parts of the system a. Sinoatrial (SA) Node i. located in right atrium ii. Initiates impulses b. Atrioventricular (AV) Node i. located between atria and ventricles c. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle i. a.k.a. “Bundle of His” ii. Located in the Septum d. Purkinje Fibers i.Spread throughout the outer walls of the ventricles
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50. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Bell Ringer
18.09 What is the heart’s natural “Pace Maker”? (Hint: Part of the Cardiac Conduction System) Briefly explain what is happening during each step of the Cardiac Cycle. Step 1: Atrial Systole Step 2: Ventricular Systole Step 3: Complete Diastole
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52. V. Blood Vessels and Pressure
Tunics (walls) of blood vessels
Tunica Intima
Inner layer
Capillaries consist of only this layer
Tunica Media
Middle layer
Made of smooth muscle
Tunica Externa
Outer layer
Protective cover

54. B. Arteries, Veins and Capillaries 1. Arteries a
B. Arteries, Veins and Capillaries 1. Arteries a. Walls are much thicker than veins i. must be able to expand as blood is forced in from the heart b. Carry blood away from the heart c. Branch into smaller “Arterioles”

55. 2. Veins a. thinner walls because of lower pressure b
2. Veins a. thinner walls because of lower pressure b. carry blood toward the heart c. larger veins have valves i. prevents backflow of blood ii. Needed because veins travel against gravity d. Branch into “Venules”

56. 3. Capillaries a. vessels that connect arteries and veins b
3. Capillaries a. vessels that connect arteries and veins b. gases and products are exchanged here i. O2 and nutrients go from blood to cells ii. CO2 and waste go from cells to blood c. form HUGE networks all over the body

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58. C. Blood Pressure
Measure of the amount of force blood is exerting on the arteries
Systolic Blood Pressure
Measurement during ventricular contraction
Maximum pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Measurement during ventricular relaxation
Minimum pressure

59. D. Variations in Blood Pressure 1. Hypotension a. Low blood pressure i
D. Variations in Blood Pressure 1. Hypotension a. Low blood pressure i. Systolic below 100 b. Usually not a bad thing but… i. Sudden hypotension can be a warning sign of circulatory shock

61. 2. Hypertension a. High Blood Pressure i. BP of 140/90 or higher b
2. Hypertension a. High Blood Pressure i. BP of 140/90 or higher b. Called the “silent killer” i. over time it can strain the heart ii. Can also damage the arteries