1. CH 104: TITRATIONS WITH PERMANGANATE
An analyte is the substance that is being analyzed. For example, the concentration of glucose in blood is commonly analyzed by diabetics. Glucose is the analyte.
A titrant is a solution of reagent that reacts with the analyte. The concentration of this reagent is accurately and precisely known.
In a titration, incremental volumes of titrant are added to the analyte until the reaction is complete.
A buret is often used to measure the volume of titrant added to the analyte.

2. REQUIREMENTS OF A TITRATION
The reaction must be stoichiometric. For example, the net ionic equation for the reaction of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) is quantitative. Exactly 2 moles of KMnO4 react with exactly 5 moles of Na2C2O4.
2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
The reaction should be rapid.
The reaction should be specific; that is, there should be no competing reactions. Systematic error caused by interferences must be eliminated or reduced.

3. REQUIREMENTS OF A TITRATION
There should be a marked change when the reaction is complete. For example, this reaction is self-indicating. The titrant (KMnO4) is deep purple. The analyte (Na2C2O4) and products (Mn2+, H2O, and CO2) are nearly colorless. The titration is done when the first fraction of a drop of excess MnO4– changes the solution from nearly colorless to a faint and stable pink.

4. EQUIVALENCE POINT, END POINT, AND INDICATORS
The equivalence point occurs when the volume of titrant added to the analyte is the exact stoichiometric amount that is needed to bring the reaction to completion.
The end point occurs when the indicator changes color.
We want to measure the equivalence point. We actually measure the end point.
Obviously, the faint pink MnO4– end point does not occur at the equivalence point. This end point occurs a fraction of a drop after the equivalence point. This error is small and can be corrected with a blank, or during standardization.
How would you use a blank to correct this error?
The volume of MnO4– used to reach the end point during the titration of distilled water (a blank) is subtracted from all standards and all samples.
How would you standardize to correct this error?
All standards and all samples are titrated to the same end point. We will do this today.

5. EQUIVALENCE POINT, END POINT, AND INDICATORS
Titration using Permanganate as a Self-Indicator
When do you stop adding titrant to the analyte?
At the end point.

6. 2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
STANDARDIZATION
Today we will standardize KMnO4 against Na2C2O4.
2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. That is, electrons are transferred from 1 reactant to another reactant.
Oxidation is a loss of an electron or electrons by an atom or group of atoms.
Reduction is a gain of an electron or electrons by an atom or group of atoms.

7. 2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
STANDARDIZATION
Today we will standardize KMnO4 against Na2C2O4.
2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
In this reaction, C2O42– is oxidized to CO2, and MnO4– to reduced to Mn2+.
What is the Lewis structure for C2O42–?
What is the Lewis structure for CO2?
Why is the C of CO2 more oxidized than the C of C2O42–?
The C in CO2 is in the +4 oxidation state
[(1 x +4) + (2 x –2) = 0]. Each C in C2O42– is in the +3 oxidation state [(2 x +3) + (4 x –2) = –2]. Therefore, each C lost 1 electron and was oxidized during this reaction.

8. 2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
STANDARDIZATION
Today we will standardize KMnO4 against Na2C2O4.
2MnO4–(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5C2O42–(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)+ 10CO2(g)
What is the oxidation state of Mn in MnO4–?
The +7 oxidation state [(1 x +7) + (4 x –2) = –1].
What is the oxidation state of Mn2+?
The +2 oxidation state [(1 x +2) = +2].
Why is the Mn of Mn2+ more reduced than the Mn of MnO4–?
Mn2+ is in the +2 oxidation state. The Mn of MnO4– is in the +7 oxidation state. Therefore, Mn gained 5 electrons and was reduced during this reaction.

9. STANDARDIZATION
Na2C2O4 is a primary standard.
For example, a solution was made by dissolving g of Na2C2O4 in mL of distilled water. The molar mass of Na2C2O4 is g/mol. A mL sample of this Na2C2O4 solution was titrated with mL of a KMnO4 solution to a self-indicating end point. What is the molarity (M) of this KMnO4 solution?

10. REQUIREMENTS OF A PRIMARY STANDARD
A primary standard should be % pure; although a 0.01% to 0.02% impurity is tolerable if it is accurately known.
A primary standard should be stable at drying temperatures, and it should be stable indefinitely at room temperature. (A primary standard is always dried before weighing, unless it is a hydrate.)
It should be readily available.
It should have a relatively large formula weight. Therefore, a relatively large mass of it will be weighed for titration. This will reduce error.
Explain this last point.

11. OXIDATION–REDUCTION TITRATION WITH PERMANGANATE
After the KMnO4 is standardized, we will measure the Fe(II) content of an unknown salt.
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq)
What is oxidized?
The Fe is oxidized from +2 to +3.
What is reduced?
The Mn is reduced from +7 to +2.

12. SAFETY
Give at least 1 safety concern for the following procedure.
Using oxidizing agents (KMnO4), reducing agents (Na2C2O4 and unknown Fe(II) salt), and acids (H2SO4 and H3PO4).
These are irritants. Wear your goggles at all times. Immediately clean all spills. If you do get either of these in your eye, immediately flush with water.
Your laboratory manual has an extensive list of safety procedures. Read and understand this section.
Ask your instructor if you ever have any questions about safety.

13. SOURCES
Christian, G.D Analytical Chemistry, 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Harris, D.C Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th ed. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman Company.
McMurry, J., R.C. Fay Chemistry, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Petrucci, R.H General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications, 4th ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.