1. Barley
(Hordeum vulgare)
AGR 401

2. Contents Introduction Uses History & Origin Area & Production
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Contents
Introduction
Uses
History & Origin
Area & Production
Crop botany
Morphology of Barley
Climate & Soil
Production Technology

3. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

4. Scientific Classification
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Plantae Phylum Spermatophyta Class Monocotyledons Order Cyperales Family Poaceae Genus Hordeum Species Hordeum vulgare

5. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

6. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Introduction
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most ancient crops, and it has played a role in the human development of agriculture, civilizations and cultures and the sciences of agronomy, physiology, genetics, breeding, malting, and brewing. The prominence of barley can be seen from the interpretation of its genus name, Hordeum, which derives from the word by which Roman gladiators were known, “hordearii,” or “ barley men, ” for eating barley to give them strength and stamina (Percival 1921 ). The English word “ barn ” derives from barley plus “ aern ” or barley house/building (Webster ’ s Dictionary, various versions).

7. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Introduction
Barley is arguably the most widely adapted cereal grain species with good drought, cold, and salt tolerance. It is generally produced in temperate (winter and/or spring planting) and semiarid subtropical (winter planting) climates. It does not tolerate highly humid warm climates. Grain production occurs at higher latitudes and altitudes and farther into deserts than any other cereal crop.

8. Introduction Barley is a rabbi cereal grain crop Ranked 4th in cereal
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Introduction
Barley is a rabbi cereal grain crop
Ranked 4th in cereal
Locally called ‘jao’(Urdu)
Latin word farina "flour"
The Old English word for 'barley' was bære
First citation of the form bærlic in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to around 966 AD

9. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses
In recent times,
55% – 60% of the barley crop has been used for feed, 30% – 40% for malt, 2% – 3% for food, and about 5% for seed.
Barley is best known around the world today as a feed grain and as the premier malting and brewing grain.

10. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
History & Origin
Barley was one of the first agricultural domesticates together with wheat, peas etc.
Being grown by babylians, Chinese
Originated in Asia & Ethiopia
Production started in Mesopotamia
Earliest remains reported in 8000 B.C. in Iran
Staple cereal of ancient Egypt

11. Top ten barley producers (million metric tone)
11/11/2018
Top ten barley producers  (million metric tone)
Russia 17.9 France 12.9 Germany 12.3 Ukraine 11.8 Canada 9.5 Australia 8.1 Turkey 7.3 United Kingdom 6.8 United States 4.9 Poland 4.0 World total 152
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed

12. Area & Production World wide Area : 56.6 M ha Production : 152 M tonns
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Area & Production
World wide
Area : 56.6 M ha
Production : 152 M tonns
In Pakistan
Area : 0.08 M ha
Production : M tonns
Mostly grown in Deir , Bahawalnager, khuzdar, Chitral, Bajour agency etc.
Bajour contributes 20% of country`s production

13. Crop Botany Family Poaceae Self pollinated Monocot
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Crop Botany
Family Poaceae
Self pollinated
Monocot
Diploid with 14 chromosome
Inflorescence is spike
Has short duration than wheat
Glumes contain 3 florets

14. Morphology Barley anatomy is similar to other grasses.
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Barley anatomy is similar to other grasses.
There are differences between the two-rowed and six-rowed varieties related to the fertility of the florets.
For each type there are three florets at each node, and in two-rowed barley only the central floret is fertile, whereas in six-rowed all florets are fertile.
Although this causes each head of the six-rowed barley to produce more seeds, the two-rowed varieties tend to have more tillers per plant and therefore yield similarly

15. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology

16. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Roots: As with wheat and oats, barley also presents two types of root systems. In the first, the seedling roots develop from germination to the tillering stage; in the second, which starts at tillering, the secondary crown roots, or adventitious roots, appear. These will serve to anchor the plant, and to provide it with water and nutrients. The depth they reach will depend on the hydric condition of the soil, its texture and structure, external and internal temperatures, and on the genetic make up of the variety

17. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology

18. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Stem: The stems of the barley plant are erect and made up of 5 to 7 hollow, cylindrical internodes or joints, separated by the nodes, which bear the leaves. As in all Gramineae, the leaves are placed opposite their neighbours along the stem.
Leaves: The leaves are linear lanceolate and formed of sheath, blade, auricles and ligule. The sheaths surround the stem completely. The ligule, and especially the auricles, distinguish barley from other cereal grains: they are glabrous, envelop the stem and can be pigment with anthocyanins.

19. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Flowers-Spikes: The last internode of the stem extends as a rachis, which bears the spicules alternating on its nodes. Spikes of distich barleys do not have a terminal spicule as do those of wheat. Spikes can be awned, mutic (blunt) or hooded, and also can be smooth or toothed.
The spikes can have two or six rows of grain, depending on the fertility of the lateral spikes. The rachis has 10 to 30 nodes, so the ears of six-row barleys can have from 25 up to 60 grains, and two-row barleys 25 to 30.

20. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Fruits: The fruit is an oval, ridged caryopsis with rounded ends. The spike may be long or short, according to the plant type, but it always has several glumes with filiform awns that may diverge.

21. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Growth phases: Barley has three distinct growth phases namely: vegetative phase, reproductive phase and grain filling phase.
Vegetative phase: The vegetative phase includes germination of seed, emergence of seedlings and most of the tillering phase. It terminates with the initiation of floral primordia.
During the tillering stage, it is determined the potential number of heads per square meter as well as the maximum number of grains that a crop can attain. The application of nitrogen by side dressing during this period has become a worldwide practice. It supplies the plant with the N that it needs for immediate use and to set a maximum yield.

22. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology

23. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Morphology
Reproductive phase: The reproductive phase includes floral primordia initiation, jointing, booting, heading and flowering. The reproductive phase begins with the initiation of floral primordia at the shoot apex.
Floral initiation occurs first in the main culm and subsequently in the tillers. As the spikelets differentiate the spike and the culm extend upwards during the jointing phase. In barley, the first node is not visible and must be found by touch. The joints or internodes elongate, and stems start to become erect. Elongation of the secondary stems occurs later than that of the main stem.

24. Spike Anatomy of Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Spike Anatomy of Barley
The floral structure of the barley plant is the spike, or, as it is sometimes referred to, the head or ear. The spike rests at the tip of each stem, also known as a tiller.
The central axis of the spike is known as the rachis. The rachis is composed of nodes and internodes, with spikelets that can later develop into kernels attached at the rachis nodes.

25. Spike Anatomy of Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Spike Anatomy of Barley

26. Spike Anatomy of Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Spike Anatomy of Barley
A barley spikelet comprises an individual floret with surrounding bracts. The barley floret is "perfect," meaning that it contains both male (stamen) and female (pistil) floral components; barley is self-pollinating.

27. Spike Anatomy of Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Spike Anatomy of Barley
In both two- and six-row barley, each individual node of the rachis has three spikelets, but the fertility (or sterility) of the florets differs in each type. In six-row barley, all three spikelets (per rachis node) contain a fertile floret. These florets develop into kernels and thus each rachis node in the mature spike of six-row barley has three kernels.
When the rachis is viewed from one side, there appears to be three rows of kernels. Kernels occur at nodes on both sides of the zigzag rachis, however, so it looks like six rows. This is perhaps most easily seen when viewed downward from the top of the spike.

28. Spike Anatomy of Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Spike Anatomy of Barley
. In two-row barley, only the central floret is fertile and will develop into a kernel; the lateral spikelets are sterile, leaving alternating single kernels on opposite sides of the rachis, for a total of two rows.

29. Types of Barley Whole Grain Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Types of Barley
Whole Grain Barley
Whole grain barley refers to barley that has been minimally processed or cleaned so that most of the bran and endosperm is left intact and the germ is present.  Whole grain barley may also be called hulled or hulless barley.
1. Hulled barley refers to covered barley that has been minimally processed to remove only the tough inedible outer hull.  Hulled barley may be purchased in several forms including kernels (berries), cut (grits), flaked or ground (meal or flour). 

30. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Types of Barley
2. Hulless barley: It refers to a type of barley in which the tough inedible outer hull is loosely adhered to the kernel.  The outer hull is so loose, that when this barley is harvested in the field, the outer hull usually falls off.  Processors often refer to this type of barley as “naked” barley.  Hulless barley requires little to no processing to remove the tough inedible outer hull.  Because this product requires minimal cleaning, most of the brand and endosperm is left intact and the germ is present.

31. Types of Barley 3. Covered Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Types of Barley
3. Covered Barley
This refers to barley kernels with the tough inedible outer hull still attached.  This covering must be removed before the barley is used for human consumption.  If the kernels are minimally processed to remove only the inedible outer hull, the resulting product is whole grain.  If the kernels are further processed (pearled or polished), the resulting product is called pearl barley and is not considered whole grain.

32. Types of Barley 4. Pearl Barley
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Types of Barley
4. Pearl Barley
Pearl barley refers to covered barley that has been processed to remove the tough inedible outer hull and then pearled or polished.  Barley may be pearled to varying degrees and labeled as regular, medium, fine or baby pearl.  Pearl barley may also be called blocked, pot or scotch barley.  Pearl barley is available in several forms; however, kernels or berries (pictured at right) are the most common.  But pearl barley may also be purchased flaked, cut (grits) and ground (meal or flour).

33. Locality & Soil Adapted to temperate region
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Locality & Soil
Adapted to temperate region
Optimum temperature range is ⁰c
Productive even under adverse condition
Min precipitation required
More efficient water user
Drought & moderately salt tolerant crop
Well drained loams to clay loam soil
Usually planted on lass fertile marginal land

34. Production Technology
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Production Technology
Seed bed preparation
2-3 ploughing with planking
Seed rate kg/acre
Germination more than 85%
Weed free
Free from insect pest and disease infestation
Seed Treatment : Topsin-M , Benlate
@ 2g/kg seed

35. Varieties Frountier-87 Clipper Barley-dwarf Tj-70 Neelum
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Varieties
Frountier-87
Clipper
Barley-dwarf
Tj-70
Neelum

36. Methods of sowing Time of sowing Mid Oct. to Mid Nov. Broadcasting
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Time of sowing
Mid Oct. to Mid Nov.
Methods of sowing
Broadcasting
Line Sowing: R-R: 9”
Can be sown by :
Wet Method
Dry Method
Gup-chhat Method

37. Irrigation Fertilizer requirement
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Irrigation
2-4 at critical growth stages ( mm)
At Tillering stage
Booting stage
Grain filling stage
Fertilizer requirement
50:25 NP kg/acre
1 bag DAP +1.5 bag Urea
Urea applied in split doses in irrigated areas

38. Weed managment Important weeds Better adapted to compete with weeds
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Weed managment
Important weeds
Convolvulus arvensis(Lehli)
Avena fatua(Wild Oat)
Cyperus rotundus(Deala)
Chenopodium album(Bathu)
Better adapted to compete with weeds
Minimum need of weeding & interculture
IWM best option

39. Plant protection Insect pests Diseases
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Plant protection
Insect pests
Termites , Cutworms , Army worm , Aphids , Shoot fly , Surface grass hopper
Diseases
Powdery Mildew, karnal bunt, Loose smut of Barley, Rust
IPM is best option

40. Harvesting & Storage Done earlier than wheat
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Harvesting & Storage
Done earlier than wheat
Harvested at physiological maturity
Heads bend when over mature
Done by sickle or through Reaper
Threshing by wheat thresher
Sun dried for 2 or 3 days
Moisture content should be less than 12%

41. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

42. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Yield
kg/ha

43. Uses Animal feed Health food Algicide Beverages Bakery products
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses
Animal feed
Health food
Algicide
Beverages
Bakery products

44. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Barley Recipes

45. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses of Barley
The largest value - added use for barley is the production of malt, which in turn, is mainly used in the production of beer. Malting is a process of controlled germination followed by drying. While any cereal grain can ostensibly be used to produce malt, barley accounts for the vast majority of malt production on a worldwide basis.

46. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses of Barley
Lesser amounts of malt prepared from other cereals and pseudo - cereals are used in the production of several types of specialty beers or traditional beer styles (most commonly sorghum, maize, and millet in Africa, and wheat in Europe), and in the production of distilled alcoholic beverages.

47. Uses of Barley Barley Grits
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses of Barley
Barley Grits
Barley grits are made from pearled or whole grain barley kernels that have been cut into small pieces.

48. Uses of Barley Barley Flakes
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses of Barley
Barley Flakes
Barley flakes are made from pearled or whole grain barley kernels that have been steam-rolled and dried.

49. Uses of Barley Barley Flour
Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018
Uses of Barley
Barley Flour
Barley flour may be made from pearl or whole grain (hulled or hulless) barley.

50. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

51. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

52. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

53. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

54. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018

55. Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
11/11/2018