1. RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION-STATES
THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES

3. England Invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5th century
The seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms remained independent and separate for several centuries

4. William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion
In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two men claim the throne
Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman
William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative to the king
The English nobility name Harold as their new king
William feels cheated and decides to take the throne by force

5. Oct. 14th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his army on the shores of England
Harold, who had just defeated an army of a Viking leader who also wanted to be king of England, marches south to fight William
William defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes the new king
He is now known as William the Conqueror
One of the first things William does as king was to claim all the land in England as his
He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his Norman knights as a reward
These new nobles owed William their loyalty

7. William and the Normans introduced French culture into England
French becomes the language of the nobility and the court
Only lower classes and peasants speak English
Domesday Book – census taken on where people lived, what they owned, and how much they could afford to pay in taxes
William used this to create a central tax system
Henry II
Enlarged the power of the monarchy and expanded royal courts
Body of common law replaced varying local codes
Law common to the whole kingdom

8. King John and the Magna Carta
Many nobles started to fear that the kings would abuse their powers and take away nobles’ rights
King John was fighting a war, in which he lost almost all of England’s French holdings, and needed money
He placed a new tax on the nobility
The nobles refused to pay and instead rebelled against their king
King John is defeated on the battlefield
He is forced to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter”
Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away and places limits on the king’s power
King can no longer arrest and punish people without following legal procedures
Set forth ideas about limiting gov’t and executive power

10. Edward I
Another rebellion by nobles in the 1260s led to the foundation of a council that eventually developed into Parliament
it included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every county and town
Had the power to create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking
The Parliament had two houses
House of Lords
House of Commons

11. France In 843 the Treaty of Verdun had divided the Carolingian Empire
The west Frankish land formed the core of France
However the kings after Charlemagne did not rule much territory at all
Mostly limited to the area around Paris and Orleans
Most of France was in the hands of powerful nobles, including the king of England
These nobles owned more land and had more power than the king and ruled as they pleased

12. Philip II Augustus
His rule was the turning point in the growth of the French monarchy
He took back French territories from war
Increased the income and power of the French monarchy

13. Philip IV the Fair
Began the first French parliament, the Estates-General
Meeting of the three estates (classes)
First Estate = clergy
Second Estate = nobles
Third Estate = commoners

14. Holy Roman Empire
This was the German area and had been the eastern part of Charlemagne’s empire
It was divided into numerous small states, ruled over by dukes and princes
Otto I – best known Saxon king
Was crowned Emperor of the Romans for protecting the pope
The territories united under Otto became known as the Holy Roman Empire

15. Called holy because it had the pope’s support
Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled that area
The Holy Roman Emperors made decisions and passed laws with the help of the dukes and princes
These dukes and princes maintained full authority in their own lands
Starting in the 1100s, Holy Roman Emperors no longer inherited their titles, but were elected
Seven Electors had the right to elect the new emperor

16. Map/Image

17. Spain Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s
Called Moors by the Christians
These Christian states embarked on a series of campaigns to retake their lands from the Muslims
Called the Reconquista = reconquest
It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms, Castile
These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over the Moors
In the 1100s Portugal was able to completely free itself

18. The last Muslim stronghold was defeated in 1492 with the defeat of Granada
A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
They pursued a strict policy of conformity to Catholicism
1492 – all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, followed by the Muslims
To be Spanish was to be Catholic

19. RUSSIA
In the early 13th century the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded Russia
The Mongols left local princes in control, but require them to pay tribute
Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe due to Mongol rule
Russia was eventually freed from foreign domination in 1480